Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow chart. Participant flow for the study of butylphthalide treatment and cognitive decline in ischaemic stroke survivors.
- Figure 2
Multivariate analysis of MMSE score, orientation score and language ability score before and after treatment with butylphthalein. The forest plots displayed the results of multivariate analysis. (A) MMSE D-value and D-value percentage; (B) D-value and D-value percentage of orientation and language. The horizontal bars represent 95% CIs. Different shapes of the horizontal bars represent different influencing factors; β>0 indicates a positive correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, while β<0 indicates a negative correlation. CHD, coronary heart disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MMSE, mini-mental state examination.
- Figure 3
Multivariate analysis of cognitive decline. Treatment group and educational level played a important role in the incidence of cognitive decline. The horizontal bars represent 95% CIs. OR >1 indicates a positive correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, while risk ratio <1 indicates a negative correlation.
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the patients
Characteristic Butylphthalide Control Total Total, n (%) 309 (51.1) 296 (48.9) 605 (100) Gender, n (%) Men 212 (68.6) 214 (72.3) 426 (70.4) Women 97 (31.4) 82 (27.7) 179 (29.6) Age, mean (SD), y 61.43 (8.79) 62.17 (8.16) 61.68 (8.53) Age group, n (%) < 60 y 126 (40.8) 110 (37.2) 236 (39.0) ≥ 60 y 183 (59.2) 186 (62.8) 369 (61.0) Education years, mean (SD), y 7.27 (3.53) 7.06 (3.37) 7.17 (3.45) Educational level, n (%) 0 y 18 (5.8) 17 (5.7) 35 (5.8) 1~6 y 113 (36.6) 121 (40.9) 234 (38.7) > 6 y 178 (57.6) 158 (53.4) 336 (55.5) Smoking status, n (%) Never 134 (43.4) 101 (34.1) 235 (38.8) Former 116 (37.5) 115 (38.9) 231 (38.2) Current 59 (19.1) 80 (27.0) 139 (23.0) Alcohol use, n (%) Never 145 (46.9) 124 (41.9) 269 (44.5) Former 131 (42.4) 104 (35.1) 235 (38.8) Current 33 (10.7) 68 (23.0) 101 (16.7) Hypertension, n (%) No 67 (21.7) 85 (28.7) 152 (25.1) Yes 242 (78.3) 211 (71.3) 453 (74.9) Diabetes, n (%) No 210 (68.0) 211 (71.3) 421 (69.6) Yes 99 (32.0) 85 (28.7) 184 (30.4) CHD, n (%) No 269 (87.1) 265 (89.5) 534 (88.3) Yes 40 (12.9) 31 (10.5) 71 (11.7) BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 26.87 (3.74) 26.65 (3.13) 26.74 (3.46) BMI category, n (%) Thin 2 (0.6) 0 (0) 2 (0.3) Normal 65 (21.0) 58 (19.6) 123 (20.3) Overweight 133 (43.0) 146 (49.3) 279 (46.1) Obese 109 (35.3) 92 (31.1) 201 (33.2) SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg 151.26 (20.41) 154.64 (20.23) 152.84 (20.38) DBP, mean (SD), mm Hg 94.88 (11.56) 94.36 (11.44) 94.63 (11.51) FBG, mean (SD), mmol/L 6.91 (2.18) 6.74 (2.26) 6.86 (2.24) TC, mean (SD), mmol/L 4.34 (1.06) 4.44 (1.11) 4.36 (1.07) TG, mean (SD), mmol/L 1.58 (1.03) 1.58 (1.30) 1.59 (1.19) HDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L 1.20 (0.27) 1.24 (0.29) 1.22 (0.28) LDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L 2.50 (0.88) 2.54 (0.89) 2.50 (0.87) Hcy, mean (SD), mmol/L 17.66 (12.72) 16.91 (11.56) 17.26 (12.10) mRS score, median (IQ) 1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) MMSE score, median (IQ) 27 (3) 27 (4) 27 (4) BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure;; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Hcy, homocysteine ; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; SBP, systolic blood pressure; ; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride .
- Table 2
Differences in MMSE scores and cognitive domain scores in patients before and after treatment with butylphthalide
Butylphthalide
(n=309)Control
(n=296)P value MMSE D-value, mean (SD) 0.21 (2.91) 1.13 (3.93) 0.001 D-value percentage, mean (SD) 0.01 (0.12) 0.04 (0.17) 0.002 Cognitive domain D-value Orientation, mean (SD) 0.02 (1.56) 0.40 (2.07) 0.010 Registration, mean (SD) 0.03 (0.42) 0.10 (0.67) 0.121 Attention and calculation, mean (SD) 0.13 (1.51) 0.27 (1.67) 0.256 Recall, mean (SD) −0.003 (1.09) 0.04 (1.12) 0.599 Language, mean (SD) 0.04 (1.13) 0.31 (1.32) 0.008 Cognitive domain D-value percentage Orientation, mean (SD) −0.01 (0.20) 0.03 (0.25) 0.018 Language, mean (SD) −0.004 (0.16) 0.03 (0.19) 0.015 MMSE, mini-mental state examination.
- Table 3
Univariate analysis of the risk of cognitive decline
Grouping Cognitive decline P value No Yes Treatment,
n (%)Butylphthalide 258 (83.5) 51 (16.5) 0.022 Control 225 (76.0) 71 (24.0) Gender, n (%) Men 350 (82.2) 76 (17.8) 0.028 Women 133 (74.3) 46 (25.7) Age, mean (SD), y 61.19 (8.59) 64.19 (7.63) < 0.001 Age group, n (%) < 60 years 200 (84.7) 36 (15.3) 0.016 ≥ 60 years 283 (76.7) 86 (23.3) Education years, mean (SD), y 7.42 (3.40) 6.17 (3.47) < 0.001 Educational level, n (%) 0 years 23 (65.7) 12 (34.3) 0.007 1~6 years 178 (76.1) 56 (23.9) > 6 years 282 (83.9) 54 (16.1) Smoking status, n (%) Never 176 (74.9) 59 (25.1) 0.013 Former 198 (85.7) 33 (14.3) Current 109 (78.4) 30 (21.6) Alcohol use, n (%) Never 202 (75.1) 67 (24.9) 0.034 Former 197 (83.8) 38 (16.2) Current 84 (83.2) 17 (16.8) CHD, n (%) No 429 (80.3) 105 (19.7) 0.398 Yes 54 (76.1) 17 (23.9) BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 26.85 (3.50) 26.41 (3.24) 0.216 BMI category, n (%) Thin 2 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0.476 Normal 99 (80.5) 24 (19.5) Overweight 216 (77.4) 63 (22.6) Obese 166 (82.6) 35 (17.4) SBP, mean (SD), mmHg 152.33 (20.72) 155.06 (18.82) 0.205 FBG, mean (SD), mmol/L 6.78 (2.18) 6.98 (2.38) 0.381 TC, mean (SD), mmol/L 4.37 (1.09) 4.45 (1.07) 0.464 TG, mean (SD), mmol/L 1.60 (1.20) 1.51 (1.06) 0.439 HDL-C, mean (SD), mmol/L 1.21 (0.28) 1.27 (0.29) 0.028 CHD, coronary heart disease; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride .
Supplementary data
