Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Proportions of total CSVD score according to LE8 score and its subscales. LE8 score, medical score or behavioural score was categorised as low (0–60), moderate (60–80) or high (80–100) group. CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; LE8, Life’s Essential 8.
- Figure 2
Common ORs for total CSVD score according to LE8 score and its subscales. Common ORs for total CSVD score according to LE8 score categories adjusted for covariates in model 2. LE8 score, medical score or behavioural score was categorised as low (0–60), moderate (60–80) or high (80–100) group. CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; LE8, Life’s Essential 8.
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics for presence or absence of CSVD
Variables CSVD (Wardlaw) P value CSVD (Rothwell) P value Presence of CSVD
(n=934)Absence of CSVD
(n=2127)Presence of CSVD
(n=1271)Absence of CSVD
(n=1790)Demographic data Age, mean±SD 64.6±6.7 59.7±6.1 <0.001 63.7±6.7 59.4±6.1 <0.001 Male, n (%) 485 (51.9) 939 (44.2) <0.001 610 (48.0) 814 (45.5) 0.17 Current smoking, n (%) 185 (19.8) 442 (20.8) 0.54 244 (19.2) 383 (21.4) 0.14 BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) 23.7 (21.6–25.8) 23.5 (21.7–25.6) 0.43 23.7 (21.6–25.8) 23.5 (21.7–25.6) 0.31 Laboratory data, median (IQR) FPG (mmol/L) 5.7 (5.3–6.3) 5.5 (5.2–6.0) <0.001 5.64 (5.3–6.3) 5.5 (5.2–6.0) <0.001 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 5.2 (4.5–5.9) 5.2 (4.6–5.9) 0.31 5.2 (4.6–5.9) 5.3 (4.6–5.9) 0.18 HDL (mmol/L) 1.3 (1.1–1.5) 1.3 (1.1–1.6) 0.16 1.3 (1.1–1.6) 1.3 (1.1–1.6) 0.29 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 100.9 (92.0–107.9) 105.9 (98.5–111.1) <0.001 101.8 (93.4–108.2) 106.2 (98.9–111.3) <0.001 Medical history, n (%) Hypertension 547 (58.6) 770 (36.2) <0.001 709 (55.8) 608 (34.0) <0.001 Diabetes 251 (26.9) 410 (19.3) <0.001 331 (26.0) 330 (18.4) <0.001 Dyslipidaemia 201 (21.5) 413 (19.4) 0.18 249 (19.6) 365 (20.4) 0.59 Concomitant medication, n (%) Antihypertensive 371 (39.7) 449 (21.1) <0.001 474 (37.3) 346 (19.3) <0.001 Lipid-lowing 51 (5.5) 69 (3.2) 0.004 65 (5.1) 55 (3.1) 0.004 Antidiabetic 117 (12.5) 156 (7.3) <0.001 152 (12.0) 121 (6.8) <0.001 Antiplatelet 40 (4.3) 40 (1.9) <0.001 51 (4.0) 29 (1.6) <0.001 Anticoagulants 3 (0.32) 1 (0.05) 0.16 3 (0.24) 1 (0.06) 0.39 BMI, body mass index; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high density lipoprotein.
- Table 2
ORs for presence or absence of CSVD according to the LE8 score and its subscales
Outcomes Categories N Presence of CSVD (n %) Model 1* Model 2† Crude
OR (95% CI)P value Adjusted OR (95% CI) P value CSVD (Wardlaw) LE8 score Low (0–60) 467 176 (37.7) Ref Ref Moderate (60–80) 2030 653 (32.2) 0.78 (0.64 to 0.97) 0.02 0.87 (0.70 to 1.09) 0.24 High (80–100) 564 105 (18.6) 0.38 (0.29 to 0.50) <0.001 0.50 (0.37 to 0.67) <0.001 Medical score Low (0–60) 902 353 (39.1) Ref Ref Moderate (60–80) 1374 414 (30.1) 0.65 (0.55 to 0.77) <0.001 0.72 (0.60 to 0.87) <0.001 High (80–100) 785 167 (21.3) 0.41 (0.33 to 0.51) <0.001 0.53 (0.42 to 0.66) <0.001 Behavioural score Low (0–60) 534 166 (31.1) Ref Ref Moderate (60–80) 1415 448 (31.7) 0.99 (0.80 to 1.22) 0.94 1.08 (0.85 to 1.38) 0.52 High (80–100) 1112 320 (28.8) 0.83 (0.66 to 1.03) 0.10 0.97 (0.75 to 1.26) 0.83 CSVD (Rothwell) LE8 score Low (0–60) 467 226 (48.4) Ref Ref Moderate (60–80) 2030 870 (42.9) 0.80 (0.65 to 0.98) 0.03 0.85 (0.68 to 1.05) 0.14 High (80–100) 564 175 (31.0) 0.48 (0.37 to 0.62) <0.001 0.59 (0.45 to 0.78) <0.001 Medical score Low (0–60) 902 458 (50.8) Ref Ref Moderate (60–80) 1374 550 (40.0) 0.65 (0.55 to 0.77) <0.001 0.70 (0.59 to 0.84) <0.001 High (80–100) 785 263 (33.5) 0.49 (0.40 to 0.60) <0.001 0.63 (0.51 to 0.78) <0.001 Behavioural score Low (0–60) 534 213 (39.9) Ref Ref Moderate (60–80) 1415 611 (43.2) 1.15 (0.94 to 1.40) 0.19 1.12 (0.89 to 1.40) 0.33 High (80–100) 1112 447 (40.2) 1.01 (0.82 to 1.25) 0.90 0.98 (0.77 to 1.26) 0.89 *Model 1: Unadjusted.
†Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, previous antiplatelet, anticoagulants drugs use.
CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LE8, Life’s Essential 8;
- Table 3
OR for MRI markers based on the LE8 score and its subscales
Variables Groups LE8 score Medical score Behavioural score n (%) Adjusted cOR/OR* (95% CI) n (%) Adjusted cOR/OR* (95% CI) n (%) Adjusted cOR/OR* (95% CI) WMH† Low 108 (23.13) Ref 221 (24.50) Ref 85 (15.92) Ref Moderate 357 (17.59) 0.73 (0.57 to 0.95)‡ 212 (15.43) 0.60 (0.48 to 0.75)§ 249 (17.60) 1.05 (0.78 to 1.41) High 45 (7.98) 0.35 (0.24 to 0.51)§ 77 (9.81) 0.43 (0.32 to 0.58)§ 176 (15.83) 0.91 (0.66 to 1.26) Modified WMH† Low 160 (34.26)¶ Ref 330 (36.59)¶ Ref 149 (27.90)¶ Ref 39 (8.35)** 76 (8.43)** 27 (5.06)** Moderate 632 (31.13)¶ 0.77 (0.63 to 0.96)‡ 397 (28.89)¶ 0.64 (0.54 to 0.77)§ 449 (31.73)¶ 1.10 (0.88 to 1.39) 107 (5.27)** 59 (4.29)** 76 (5.37)** High 136 (24.11)¶ 0.50 (0.38 to 0.66)§ 201 (25.61)¶ 0.58 (0.47 to 0.72)§ 330 (29.68)¶ 0.92 (0.72 to 1.19) 5 (0.89)** 16 (2.04)** 48 (4.32)** Lacunes Low 53 (11.35) Ref 81 (8.98) Ref 44 (8.24) Ref Moderate 105 (5.17) 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)§ 68 (4.95) 0.56 (0.40 to 0.79)§ 85 (6.01) 0.75 (0.50 to 1.12) High 12 (2.13) 0.24 (0.13 to 0.47)§ 21 (2.68) 0.34 (0.21 to 0.57)§ 41 (3.69) 0.47 (0.29 to 0.77)‡ CMBs†† Low 60 (12.85) Ref 107 (11.86) Ref 66 (12.36) Ref Moderate 216 (10.64) 0.91 (0.67 to 1.25) 140 (10.19) 0.89 (0.68 to 1.17) 144 (10.18) 0.88 (0.63 to 1.22) High 37 (6.56) 0.62 (0.40 to 0.97)‡ 66 (8.41) 0.80 (0.57 to 1.11) 103 (9.26) 0.84 (0.58 to 1.21) Modified CMBs†† Low 47 (10.06)¶ Ref 89 (9.87)¶ Ref 58 (10.86)¶ Ref 13 (2.78)** 18 (2.0)** 8 (1.50)** Moderate 195 (9.61)¶ 0.89 (0.66 to 1.22) 125 (9.1)¶ 0.88 (0.67 to 1.16) 125 (8.83)¶ 0.88 (0.64 to 1.23) 21 (1.03)** 15 (1.09)** 19 (1.34)** High 34 (6.03)¶ 0.61 (0.39 to 0.95) 62 (7.90)¶ 0.79 (0.56 to 1.10) 93 (8.36)¶ 0.84 (0.58 to 1.20) 3 (0.53)** 4 (0.51)** 10 (0.90)** BG-EPVS‡‡ Low 71 (15.20) Ref 116 (12.86) Ref 67 (12.55) Ref Moderate 201 (9.90) 0.70 (0.52 to 0.96)‡ 134 (9.75) 0.79 (0.59 to 1.04)‡ 154 (10.88) 0.88 (0.63 to 1.24) High 28 (4.96) 0.42 (0.26 to 0.68)§ 50 (6.37) 0.60 (0.41 to 0.87)‡ 79 (7.10) 0.57 (0.38 to 0.84)‡ Modified BG-EPVS‡‡ Low 10 (2.14) Ref 12 (1.33) Ref 7 (1.31) Ref Moderate 26 (1.28) 0.81 (0.38 to 1.75) 20 (1.46) 1.21 (0.57 to 2.55) 25 (1.77) 1.83 (0.76 to 4.41) High 2 (0.35) 0.31 (0.07 to 1.44) 6 (0.76) 0.75 (0.27 to 2.09) 6 (0.54) 0.65 (0.21 to 2.03) LE8 score, medical score or behavioural score was categorised as low (0–60), moderate (60–80) or high (80–100) risk.
*Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, previous antiplatelet, anticoagulants drugs use. Modified WMH and modified CMBs were analyzed by ordinal logistic models and presented as cOR.
†WMH was defined as either (early) confluent deep WMH (Fazekas score 2 or 3) or irregular periventricular WMH extending into the deep white matter (Fazekas score 3); Modified WMH was classified into grade 0: total periventricular + subcortical WMH grade 1-2, grade 1: total periventricular + subcortical WMH grade 3-4 and grade 2: total periventricular + subcortical WMH grade 5-6.
‡P value < 0.05
§P value < 0.001
¶Grade 1: Modified WMH or modified CMBs.
**Grade 2: Modified WMH or modified CMBs.
††CMBs was defined as presence of any microbleeds; Modified CMBs was classified as grade 0: absent, grade 1: 1-4 microbleeds and grade 2: ≥5 microbleeds.
‡‡Moderate to severe (>10) perivascular space in basal ganglia was considered BG-EPVS; Frequent to severe (>20) perivascular space in basal ganglia was considered Modified BG-EPVS.
BG-EPVS, enlarged perivascular space in basal ganglia; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; cOR, common OR; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LE8, Life’s Essential 8; WMH, white matter hyperintensities.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary data
Additional Files
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
