Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow chart of the participant selection. CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); PRECISE, PolyvasculaR Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and vaScular Events.
- Figure 2
Distribution of intracranial atherosclerotic and cSVD burden by tertiles of Lp(a) level. Grades 0–4 indicate intracranial atherosclerotic burden score of 0, 1, 2–3 and ≥4, or total cSVD burden score of 0, 1, 2, 3–4, respectively. cSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); T, tertile.
- Figure 3
Association of intracranial plaque and cSVD with Lp(a) level. *Model 1 adjusted for age and sex. †Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, histories of hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation, current smoking, current drinking, TC, LDLC, HDLC, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering and anticoagulant agents use. ‡OR and 95% CI for the presence of intracranial plaque and cSVD by binary logistic regression, whereas COR and 95% CI for intracranial atherosclerotic burden and cSVD burden by ordinal logistic regression. §The degree of intracranial atherosclerotic burden was graded as scores of 0, 1, 2–3 and ≥4, respectively. ||The degree of cSVD burden was graded as scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3–4, respectively. COR, common OR; cSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; HDLC, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); LDLC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Ref., reference; T, tertile; TC, total cholesterol.
- Figure 4
Forest plots for the association between Lp(a) level and cSVD imaging markers. The plots showed the OR and their 95% CIs. BG-PVS, basal ganglia-enlarged perivascular spaces; CMBs, cerebral microbleeds; cSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); T, tertile; WHM, white matter hyperintensities.
- Figure 5
ORs/ common ORs of intracranial plaque and cSVD according to Lp(a) level. (A) Presence of intracranial plaque; (B) intracranial atherosclerotic burden; (C) presence of cSVD; (D) cSVD burden. Lp(a) level of 40 mg/L (33rd percentile) was set as reference. Data were fitted using a binary or ordinal logistic regression with restricted cubic spline. cSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a).
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics according to tertiles of Lp(a) level
Characteristics Total (n=3059) Tertiles of the lp(a) level P value T1 (n=1002) T2 (n=1027) T3 (n=1030) Age, years 61.2±6.7 61.2±6.8 61.1±6.5 61.3±6.7 0.95 Female sex, n (%) 1636 (53.5) 513 (51.2) 546 (53.2) 577 (56.0) 0.09 BMI, kg/m2 23.8±3.0 23.9±3.2 23.7±2.9 23.7±3.1 0.17 Current smoker, n (%) 626 (20.5) 221 (22.1) 207 (20.2) 198 (19.2) 0.27 Current drinker, n (%) 573 (18.7) 217 (21.7) 174 (16.9) 182 (17.7) 0.01 Medical history, n(%) Hypertension 1316 (43.0) 444 (44.3) 430 (41.9) 442 (42.9) 0.54 Diabetes mellitus 660 (21.6) 269 (26.8) 203 (19.8) 188 (18.3) <0.001 Dyslipidaemia 613 (20.0) 201 (20.1) 190 (18.5) 222 (21.6) 0.22 Stroke 87 (2.8) 24 (2.4) 34 (3.3) 29 (2.8) 0.46 Coronary artery disease 13 (0.4) 2 (0.2) 8 (0.8) 3 (0.3) 0.10 Atrial fibrillation 26 (0.8) 8 (0.8) 12 (1.2) 6 (0.6) 0.34 SBP, mmHg 129.3±16.3 129.3±16.3 129.0±16.6 129.5±16.2 0.66 DBP, mmHg 75.2±9.0 75.2±9.2 75.2±9.1 75.3±8.9 0.72 Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L 5.96±1.58 6.09±1.66 5.98±1.78 5.81±1.25 <0.001 TC, mmol/L 5.28±0.99 5.09±0.98 5.28±0.95 5.47±1.01 <0.001 LDL-C, mmol/L 2.78±0.79 2.60±0.81 2.77±0.75 2.96±0.79 <0.001 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.37±0.34 1.33±0.35 1.36±0.32 1.40±0.34 <0.001 Medication use, n(%) Antihypertensive 820 (26.8) 264 (26.3) 266 (25.9) 290 (28.2) 0.47 Antidiabetic 273 (8.9) 107 (10.7) 89 (8.7) 77 (7.5) 0.04 Lipid lowering 120 (3.9) 40 (4.0) 33 (3.2) 47 (4.6) 0.29 Anticoagulants 4 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 3 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 0.18 Imaging markers, n(%) Intracranial plaque 541 (17.7) 154 (15.4) 192 (18.7) 195 (18.9) 0.06 Cerebral small vessel diseases 933 (30.5) 318 (31.7) 348 (33.9) 267 (25.9) <0.001 Confluent WMH 509 (16.6) 177 (17.7) 183 (17.8) 149 (14.5) 0.07 Lacune 170 (5.6) 58 (5.8) 67 (6.5) 45 (4.4) 0.10 Cerebral microbleeds 313 (10.2) 90 (9.0) 121 (11.8) 102 (9.9) 0.10 BG-PVS >10 300 (9.8) 111 (11.1) 99 (9.6) 90 (8.7) 0.20 P value tests difference of baseline characteristics among Lp(a) tertile groups by analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. Tertiles of Lp(a): T1, <40 mg/L; T2, 40-105 mg/L; T3, ≥106 mg/L.
BG-PVS, basal ganglia-enlarged perivascular spaces; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); SBP, systolic blood pressure; T, tertile; TC, total cholesterol; WMH, white matter hyperintensity.
