Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow diagram of the study population.
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline clinical characteristics and outcomes of the study patients with intracerebral haemorrhage
Variable Total (n=3255) With any medical complications (n=878) Without medical complications (n=2377) P value Age, mean±SD (years) 62±13 66±13 61±13 <0.0001 Age ≥65 years, n (%) 1414 (43.44) 499 (56.83) 915 (38.49) <0.0001 Gender, female, n (%) 1260 (38.71) 352 (40.09) 908 (38.20) 0.3254 Hypertension, n (%) 2191 (67.31) 593 (67.54) 1598 (67.23) 0.8661 Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) 230 (7.07) 56 (6.38) 174 (7.32) 0.3519 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 285 (8.76) 88 (10.02) 197 (8.29) 0.1201 History of stroke, n (%) 889 (27.31) 272 (30.98) 617 (25.96) 0.0043 History of TIA, n (%) 29 (0.89) 10 (1.14) 19 (0.80) 0.3601 History of AF, n (%) 54 (1.66) 20 (2.28 34 (1.43) 0.0929 History of coronary heart disease (CHD), n (%) 204 (6.27) 65 (7.40) 139 (5.85) 0.1042 Family history of stroke, n (%) 491 (15.08) 119 (13.55) 372 (15.65) 0.138 Medical history, n (%) Antihypertension treatment 1910 (58.68) 566 (64.46) 1344 (56.54) <0.0001 Antiplatelet treatment 31 (0.95) 8 (0.91) 23 (0.97) 0.883 Anticoagulant treatment 24 (0.74) 9 (1.03) 15 (0.63) 0.2435 Hypoglycaemic treatment 405 (12.44) 152 (17.31) 253 (10.64) <0.0001 Lipid-lowering treatment 275 (8.45) 57 (6.49) 218 (9.17) 0.0147 Current smoking, n (%) 825 (25.35) 208 (23.69) 617 (25.96) 0.187 Current heavy drinking, n (%) 998 (30.66) 243 (27.68) 755 (31.76) 0.0248 Baseline NIHSS, median (IQR) 10.0 (4.0–18.0) 16 (9.0–25.0) 8 (3.0–14.00) <0.0001 GCS at admission, median (IQR) 14.0 (9.0–15.0) 10 (6.0–15.0) 15 (11–15.0) <0.0001 Haematoma volume, median (IQR) 12.6 (5.5–28.0) 18.64 (7.5–41.8) 11.76 (4.8–24.0) <0.0001 Haematoma location, n (%) Basal ganglia 1878 (57.7) 492 (56.04) 1386 (58.31) 0.2442 Lobar 704 (21.63) 215 (24.49) 489 (20.57) 0.016 Thalamus 631 (19.39) 178 (20.27) 453 (19.06) 0.4362 Brainstem 258 (7.93) 95 (10.82) 163 (6.86) 0.0002 Cerebellum 184 (5.65) 57 (6.49) 127 (5.34) 0.2077 Death during hospitalisation, n (%) 297 (9.12) 184 (20.96) 113 (4.75) <0.0001 Death at 3 months, n (%) 650 (19.97) 337 (38.38) 313 (13.17) <0.0001 Death at 6 months, n (%) 732 (22.49) 361 (41.12) 371 (15.61) <0.0001 Death at 12 months, n (%) 850 (26.11) 396 (45.10) 454 (19.10) <0.0001 AF, atrial fibrillation; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
- Table 2
Unadjusted and adjusted ORs for medical complications in relation to the mortality of patients with ICH during hospitalisation, and at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year
Variable Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)* Pneumonia (Yes vs No) During hospitalisation 2.41 (1.86 to 3.13) 2.23 (1.59 to 3.13) At 3 months 2.59 (2.12 to 3.16) 1.52 (1.15 to 2.00) At 6 months 2.56 (2.12 to 3.11) 1.40 (1.07 to 1.82) At 12 months 2.42 (2.00 to 2.91) 1.19 (0.92 to 1.55) Pulmonary embolism (Yes vs No) During hospitalisation 3.77 (0.99 to 14.27) 2.39 (0.39 to 14.68) At 3 months 1.51 (0.40 to 5.69) 0.82 (0.12 to 5.73) At 6 months 2.89 (0.88 to 9.48) 1.47 (0.27 to 8.00) At 12 months 3.41 (1.04 to 11.21) 2.19 (0.43 to 11.05) Deep vein thrombosis (Yes vs No) During hospitalisation 0.47 (0.06 to 3.52) 0.84 (0.10 to 6.88) At 3 months 0.89 (0.30 to 2.64) 0.92 (0.23 to 3.66) At 6 months 1.01 (0.37 to 2.76) 1.09 (0.31 to 3.85) At 12 months 1.97 (0.84 to 4.63) 1.64 (0.52 to 5.25) Urinary tract infection (Yes vs No) During hospitalisation 1.30 (0.82 to 2.06) 1.45 (0.82 to 2.55) At 3 months 1.23 (0.87 to 1.73) 1.09 (0.69 to 1.71) At 6 months 1.25 (0.90 to 1.74) 1.08 (0.70 to 1.65) At 12 months 1.32 (0.96 to 1.81) 1.06 (0.70 to 1.60) Gastrointestinal bleeding (Yes vs No) During hospitalisation 2.31 (1.54 to 3.45) 1.08 (0.64 to 1.82) At 3 months 3.38 (2.48 to 4.60) 1.36 (0.89 to 2.09) At 6 months 3.56 (2.62 to 4.84) 1.46 (0.96 to 2.21) At 12 months 3.74 (2.75 to 5.08) 1.57 (1.03 to 2.39) Decubitus ulcers (Yes vs No) During hospitalisation 1.93 (0.74 to 5.07) 1.02 (0.32 to 3.24) At 3 months 2.93 (1.43 to 6.02) 1.29 (0.52 to 3.16) At 6 months 4.26 (2.09 to 8.69) 1.85 (0.77 to 4.42) At 12 months 3.98 (1.94 to 8.16) 1.33 (0.55 to 3.22) Adjusted factors include age, sex, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, haematoma volume, haematoma location, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, history of transient ischaemic attack (TIA), history of coronary heart disease (CHD), family history of stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF), current smoking status, dysphagia, heavy alcohol intake, anticoagulant treatment, thrombolytic treatment and types of health insurance.
ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage.
- Table 3
Unadjusted and adjusted ORs of having one or more medical complications during hospitalisation for death in patients at various time points following intracerebral haemorrhage
Outcomes Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)* Death during hospitalisation 5.31 (4.14 to 6.82) 4.41 (3.18 to 6.12) Death at 3 months 4.11 (3.43 to 4.92) 2.18 (1.70 to 2.80) Death at 6 months 3.78 (3.17 to 4.49) 1.84 (1.45 to 2.34) Death at 12 months 3.48 (2.94 to 4.12) 1.59 (1.26 to 2.01) *Adjusted factors include age, sex, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, haematoma volume, haematoma location, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, history of transient ischaemic attack (TIA), history of coronary heart disease (CHD), family history of stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF), current smoking status, dysphagia, heavy alcohol intake, anticoagulant treatment, thrombolytic treatment and types of health insurance.
