Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
The flowchart of this study. SMI, superb microvascular imaging.
- Figure 2
The nonlinear relationship between lipid parameters and unstable carotid plaque. RC, remnant cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B. Adjusted for: sex, age, BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, FBG, eGFR, smoking history, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular disease.
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics classified based on quartiles of RC
Characteristics Total RC, mmol/L P value Quartiles 1 (< 0.32) Quartiles 2 (0.32-<0.42) Quartiles 3 (0.42-<0.55) Quartiles 4(≥ 0.55) N 1100 269 263 272 296 Age, year 57.00 (49.00–63.00) 56.00 (50.00–62.00) 58.00 (51.00–65.00) 56.00 (49.50–63.00) 55.00 (48.00–62.00) 0.0105 Male, N (%) 743 (67.55) 167 (62.08) 175 (66.54) 183 (67.28) 218 (73.65) 0.0317 BMI, kg/㎡ 25.02 (22.92–27.12) 24.17 (22.03–26.62) 24.19 (22.06–26.23) 25.39 (23.64–27.44) 26.27 (24.17–28.24) < 0.0001 WHR 0.89 (0.85–0.94) 0.88 (0.82–0.92) 0.88 (0.83–0.92) 0.90 (0.86–0.94) 0.92 (0.88–0.96) < 0.0001 SBP, mm Hg 128.00 (117.00–139.00) 124.00 (115.00–135.00) 128.00 (117.00–140.00) 127.00 (115.00–141.00) 131.00 (120.00–143.00) < 0.0001 DBP, mm Hg 78.00 (71.00–86.00) 76.00 (68.00–84.00) 76.00 (69.00–85.00) 78.00 (71.00–85.00) 81.00 (74.00–88.00) < 0.0001 TC, mmol/L 4.95 (4.27–5.55) 4.80 (4.05–5.39) 4.77 (4.09–5.38) 4.96 (4.27–5.55) 5.18 (4.52–5.85) < 0.0001 TG, mmol/L 1.31 (0.93–1.96) 0.86 (0.65–1.04) 1.06 (0.84–1.33) 1.49 (1.22–1.77) 2.41 (2.01–3.25) < 0.0001 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.42 (1.23–1.65) 1.60 (1.41–1.86) 1.53 (1.32–1.72) 1.37 (1.24–1.55) 1.23 (1.11–1.42) < 0.0001 LDL-C, mmol/L 3.00 (2.34–3.55) 2.92 (2.18–3.50) 2.87 (2.18–3.40) 3.06 (2.40–3.62) 3.15 (2.50–3.68) 0.0009 Non-HDL-C, mmol/L 3.46 (2.79–4.07) 3.19 (2.44–3.74) 3.23 (2.55–3.77) 3.53 (2.88–4.11) 3.91 (3.25–4.52) < 0.0001 RC, mmol/L 0.42 (0.32–0.55) 0.25 (0.21–0.29) 0.37 (0.34–0.39) 0.47 (0.44–0.51) 0.68 (0.60–0.86) < 0.0001 ApoA1, g/L 1.49 (1.34–1.66) 1.56 (1.41–1.73) 1.52 (1.38–1.69) 1.47 (1.32–1.63) 1.42 (1.30–1.58) < 0.0001 ApoB, g/L 0.90 (0.77–1.06) 0.82 (0.66–0.96) 0.84 (0.71–0.97) 0.93 (0.79–1.06) 1.01 (0.87–1.17) < 0.0001 FBG, mmol/L 5.24 (4.89–5.92) 5.09 (4.81–5.50) 5.19 (4.89–5.80) 5.36 (4.96–6.04) 5.37 (4.99–6.39) < 0.0001 eGFR, mL/min 109.42 (101.96–116.84) 108.82 (101.93–116.42) 107.95 (99.69–115.13) 110.50 (103.01–118.20) 110.27 (103.70–117.49) 0.0357 Smoking history, N (%) 293 (26.64) 55 (20.45) 75 (28.52) 69 (25.37) 94 (31.76) 0.0190 Hypertension, N (%) 399 (36.27) 84 (31.23) 90 (34.22) 103 (37.87) 122 (41.22) 0.0761 Diabetes mellitus, N (%) 230 (20.91) 36 (13.38) 56 (21.29） 67 (24.63) 71 (23.99) 0.0042 Dyslipidaemia, N (%) 181 (16.45) 35 (13.01) 46 (17.49) 42 (15.44) 58 (19.59) 0.1830 Cardiovascular disease, N (%) 68 (6.18) 16 (5.95) 17 (6.46) 9 (3.31) 26 (8.78) 0.0605 ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC, remnant cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
- Table 2
Association of clinical characteristics and unstable carotid plaque
Characteristics Total IPN P value IPN=0 (n=779) IPN=1 (n=321) Risk factors Age, year 57.00 (49.00–63.00) 57.00 (50.00–63.00) 55.00 (49.00–63.00) 0.3721 Male, N (%) 743 (67.55) 494 (63.41) 249 (77.57) < 0.0001 BMI, kg/㎡ 25.02 (22.92–27.12) 25.11 (22.86–27.14) 24.93 (23.17–27.06) 0.6327 WHR 0.89 (0.85–0.94) 0.89 (0.84–0.94) 0.91 (0.86–0.94) 0.0073 SBP, mm Hg 128.00 (117.00–139.00) 127.00 (117.00–138.00) 130.00 (117.00–142.00) 0.1029 DBP, mm Hg 78.00 (71.00–86.00) 78.00 (71.00–86.00) 78.00 (71.00–86.00) 0.9920 Smoking history, N (%) 293 (26.64) 181 (23.23) 112 (34.89) < 0.0001 Hypertension, N (%) 399 (36.27) 271 (34.79) 128 (39.88) 0.1106 Diabetes mellitus, N (%) 230 (20.91) 152 (19.51) 78 (24.30) 0.0759 Dyslipidaemia, N (%) 181 (16.45) 136 (17.46) 45 (14.02） 0.1619 Cardiovascular disease, N (%) 68 (6.18) 46 (5.91) 22 (6.85) 0.5526 Baseline lipid parameters TC, mmol/L 4.95 (4.27–5.55) 4.90 (4.29–5.52) 5.02 (4.23–5.60) 0.5893 TG, mmol/L 1.31 (0.93–1.96) 1.31 (0.92–1.96) 1.32 (0.95–1.97) 0.7515 HDL-C, mmol/L 1.42 (1.23–1.65) 1.44 (1.24–1.66) 1.39 (1.19–1.63) 0.0473 LDL-C, mmol/L 3.00 (2.34–3.55) 2.98 (2.34–3.51) 3.05 (2.32–3.60) 0.7016 Non-HDL-C, mmol/L 3.46 (2.79–4.07) 3.42 (2.79–4.03) 3.51 (2.80–4.12) 0.2876 RC, mmol/L 0.42 (0.32–0.55) 0.41 (0.30–0.55) 0.45 (0.35–0.58) 0.0010 ApoA1, g/L 1.49 (1.34–1.66) 1.51 (1.36–1.68) 1.43 (1.29–1.60) < 0.0001 ApoB, g/L 0.90 (0.77–1.06) 0.90 (0.77–1.05) 0.91 (0.77–1.08) 0.3249 Others FBG, mmol/L 5.24 (4.89–5.92) 5.24 (4.88–5.85) 5.27 (4.90–6.06) 0.2561 eGFR, mL/min 109.42 (101.96–116.84) 109.16 (102.10–116.70) 110.44 (101.23–117.11) 0.4753 ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IPN, intraplaque neovascularisation; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC, remnant cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
- Table 3
Association between unstable carotid plaque and lipid parameters in the logistic regression analysis
Lipid parameters N (%） OR (95% CI) P value Crude model Adjusted model 1 Adjusted model 2 RC, per 1 mmol/L increase 321 (29.18%) 1.437 (1036–1.994) 0.0299 1.364 (0.983–1.891) 0.0629 1.279 (0.905–1.807) 0.1633 Quartiles of RC Q1 (< 0.32) 56 (20.82%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (0.32-<0.42) 74 (28.14%) 1.489 (1.000–2.219) 0.0502 1.450 (0.969–2.169) 0.0706 1.377 (0.915–2.073) 0.1248 Q3(0.42-<0.55) 93 (34.19%) 1.976 (1.343–2.909) 0.0006 1.934 (1.310–2.857) 0.0009 1.930 (1.292–2.882) 0.0013 Q4(≥ 0.55) 98 (33.11%) 1.883 (1.286–2.756) 0.0011 1.774 (1.207–2.607) 0.0035 1.673 (1.113–2.515) 0.0134 p value for trend 0.0016 0.0048 0.0164 TC, per 1 mmol/L increase 321 (29.18%) 1.044 (0.920–1.185) 0.5005 1.111 (0.974–1.268) 0.1176 1.089 (0.945–1.256) 0.2377 Quartiles of TC Q1 (< 4.265) 83 (30.18%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (4.265-<4.95) 66 (24.26%) 0.741 (0.508–1.082) 0.1207 0.800 (0.544–1.177) 0.2572 0.823 (0.549–1.232) 0.3429 Q3(4.95-<5.55) 83 (30.63%) 1.021 (0.709–1.471) 0.9099 1.121 (0.770–1.631) 0.5523 1.148 (0.774–1.704) 0.4928 Q4(≥ 5.55) 89 (31.56%) 1.067 (0.744–1.528) 0.7248 1.246 (0.857–1.813) 0.2494 1.189 (0.796–1.775) 0.3978 p value for trend 0.4598 0.1261 0.2060 TG, per 1 mmol/L increase 321 (29.18%) 1.024 (0.92–1.129) 0.6340 1.003 (0.907–1.109) 0.9556 0.970 (0.869–1.084) 0.5956 Quartiles of TG Q1 (< 0.93) 73 (27.04%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (0.93-<1.31) 85 (30.69%) 1.195 (0.825–1.731) 0.3467 1.184 (0.814–1.722) 0.3770 1.112 (0.757–1.632) 0.5883 Q3(1.31-<1.96) 81 (29.35%) 1.121 (0.772–1.628) 0.5487 1.087 (0.745–1.585) 0.6647 1.008 (0.680–1.495) 0.9664 Q4(≥ 1.96) 82 (29.60%) 1.135 (0.782–1.647) 0.5057 1.062 (0.727–1.551) 0.7557 0.948 (0.625–1.438) 0.8031 p value for trend 0.6889 0.9836 0.6239 HDL-C, per 1 mmol/L increase 321 (29.18%) 0.708 (0.467–1.073) 0.1033 1.042 (0.662–1.640) 0.8598 1.065 (0.652–1.742) 0.8006 Quartiles of HDL-C Q1 (< 1.23) 90 (33.33%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (1.23-<1.42) 81 (30.80%) 0.890 (0.618–1.281) 0.5308 0.916 (0.635–1.321) 0.6376 0.948 (0.653–1.376) 0.7785 Q3(1.42-<1.65) 71 (25.18%) 0.673 (0.465–0.974) 0.0355 0.766 (0.526–1.116) 0.1649 0.778 (0.527–1.148) 0.2058 Q4(≥ 1.65) 79 (27.72%) 0.767 (0.534–1.102) 0.1513 1.037 (0.703–1.530) 0.8545 1.030 (0.682–1.557) 0.8874 p value for trend 0.0949 0.9934 0.9614 LDL-C, per 1 mmol/L increase 321 (29.18%) 1.024 (0.886–1.185) 0.7445 1.066 (0.917–1.239) 0.4086 1.050 (0.893–1.235) 0.5528 Quartiles of LDL-C 1.024 (0.886–1.185)0.7445 1.066 (0.917–1.239) 0.4086 1.050 (0.893–1.235) 0.5528 Q1 (<2.34) 82 (30.04%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (2.34≤3.00) 72 (26.09%) 0.822 (0.566–1.194) 0.3033 0.861 (0.589–1.259) 0.4407 0.872 (0.585–1.301) 0.5033 Q3(3.00≤3.55) 80 (28.99%) 0.951 (0.659–1.372) 0.7872 0.973 (0.668–1.418) 0.8878 0.948 (0.635–1.415) 0.7945 Q4(≥ 3.55) 87 (31.64%) 1.078 (0.750–1.549) 0.6852 1.170 (0.804–1.701) 0.4124 1.121 (0.750–1.674) 0.5785 p value for trend 0.5560 0.3350 0.4813 Non-HDL-C, per 1 mmol/L increase 321 (29.18%) 1.089 (0.953–1.245) 0.2104 1.119 (0.974–1.286) 0.1112 1.094 (0.941–1.270) 0.2423 Quartiles of Non-HDL-C Q1 (<2.79) 78 (28.78%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (2.79≤3.46) 73 (26.55%) 0.894 (0.614–1.301) 0.5591 0.911 (0.623–1.334) 0.6334 0.895 (0.601–1.332) 0.5834 Q3(3.46≤4.07) 79 (28.42%) 0.982 (0.678–1.422) 0.9246 1.015 (0.693–1.487) 0.9375 0.978 (0.656–1.458) 0.9136 Q4(≥4.07) 91 (32.97%) 1.217 (0.846–1.751) 0.2894 1.296 (0.891–1.886) 0.1755 1.229 (0.822–1.837) 0.3151 p value for trend 0.2519 0.1454 0.2593 ApoA1, per 1 g/L increase 321 (29.18%) 0.277 (0.157–0.490) <0.0001 0.397 (0.215–0.735) 0.0033 0.350 (0.185–0.664) 0.0013 Quartiles of ApoA1 Q1 (＜1.34） 105 (39.03%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (1.34≤1.49） 78 (29.43%) 0.651 (0.454–0.934) 0.0197 0.683 (0.475–0.981) 0.0393 0.648 (0.448–0.938) 0.0213 Q3 (1.49≤1.66） 73 (25.98%) 0.548 (0.382–0.787) 0.0011 0.610 (0.422–0.882) 0.0085 0.576 (0.395–0.841) 0.0042 Q4 (≥1.66） 65 (22.81%) 0.461 (0.319–0.668) <0.0001 0.593 (0.398–0.882) 0.0100 0.549 (0.364–0.830) 0.0045 p value for trend <0.0001 0.0087 0.0041 ApoB, per 1 g/L increase 32129.18%） 1.332 (0.748–2.371) 0.3302 1.414 (0.781–2.561) 0.2529 1.256 (0.658–2.396) 0.4898 Quartiles of ApoB Q1 (＜0.77） 80 (29.41%) Ref. Ref. Ref. Q2 (0.77≤0.90） 71 (26.49%) 0.865 (0.594–1.260) 0.4500 0.868 (0.593–1.272) 0.4691 0.871 (0.586–1.295) 0.4960 Q3 (0.90≤1.06） 80 (28.07%) 0.937 (0.649–1.352) 0.7265 0.948 (0.651–1.381) 0.7808 0.925 (0.623–1.373) 0.6982 Q4 (≥1.06） 90 (32.73%) 1.168 (0.812–1.678) 0.4023 1.194 (0.823–1.731) 0.3505 1.125 (0.754–1.677) 0.5642 p value for trend 0.3452 0.2897 0.4841 Crude model: unadjusted. Model 1: adjusted for sex and age. Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, FBG, eGFR, smoking history, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.
ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC, remnant cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
- Table 4
The relationship between unstable carotid plaque and RC concentrations
Model 2+LDL-C Model 2+LDL-C+ApoA1 RC, per 1 mmol/L increase 1.288 (0.912–1.819) 0.1511 1.249 (0.886–1.760) 0.2043 Quartiles of RC Q1 (< 0.32) Ref. Ref. Q2 (0.32≤0.42) 1.378 (0.915–2.073) 0.1245 1.337 (0.887–2.016) 0.1654 Q3(0.42≤0.55) 1.922 (1.286–2.873) 0.0014 1.786 (1.190–2.680) 0.0051 Q4(≥0.55) 1.663 (1.104–2.505) 0.0150 1.526 (1.007–2.312) 0.0463 p for trend 0.0189 0.0624 Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, WHR, SBP, DBP, FBG, eGFR, smoking history, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus.
ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC, remnant cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
