Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Study flow chart. AF, atrial fibrillation; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; ESUS, embolic stroke of undetermined source.
- Figure 2
Aetiological classification in 356 patients with AIS considering routine diagnostic findings (‘routine’) and considering enhanced diagnostic workup (‘enhanced workup’); including cardiac MRI, MR-angiography of the aortic arch and study-specific Holter ECG for up to ten days. AIS, acute ischaemic stroke; CE, cardioembolism; Com., competing aetiology; LAA, large-artery atherosclerosis; SAO, small-artery occlusion.
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics of all 356 patients with AIS included in the HEBRAS study (‘whole cohort’) and the subgroup of 191 patients undergoing brain imaging, stroke unit or Holter-ECG monitoring >24 hours, imaging of extracranial and intracranial brain-supplying arteries and echocardiography (TTE and/or TEE) according to routine diagnostic care as well as completed enhanced diagnostic workup (‘ESUS cohort)
Whole cohort
(n=356)ESUS cohort (n=191) Female sex 134 (37.6) 68 (35.6) Age (years) 66 (±12) 63 (±12) Length of in-hospital stay (days) 5 (4–6) 5 (4–6) NIHSS on admission 2 (1–4) 2 (0–3) mRS on admission 2 (1–3) 2 (1–3) Barthel Index on admission 100 (75–100) 100 (80–100) Intravenous thrombolysis 66 (18.5) 35 (18.3) Diabetes mellitus 65 (18.3) 35 (18.3) Arterial hypertension 212 (59.6) 98 (51.3) High blood lipids 125 (35.1) 69 (36.1) Current tobacco use 96 (27.0) 49 (25.7) Previous ischaemic stroke or TIA 58 (16.3) 26 (13.6) Coronary artery disease 42 (11.8) 26 (13.6) Prior myocardial infarction 31 (8.7) 16 (8.4) Chronic heart failure 7 (2.0) 2 (1.0) Oral anticoagulation on admission* 6 (1.7) 2 (1.1) Antiplatelet(s) on admission 114 (32.0) 59 (30.9) Acetylsalicylic acid 97 (27.2) 50 (26.2) Clopidogrel 11 (3.1) 6 (3.1) Dual antiplatelets† 6 (1.7) 3 (1.6) Beta blocker on admission 100 (28.1) 48 (25.1) ACE inhibitor on admission 64 (18.0) 28 (14.7) Angiotensin II receptor antagonist on admission 73 (20.5) 38 (19.9) Calcium channel blocker on admission 65 (18.3) 32 (16.8) Statin on admission 98 (27.5) 52 (27.2) Data are given as mean (±SD), median (IQR) or n (%).
*Reasons for OAC on admission: known left ventricular aneurysm (phenprocoumon); known intraventricular cardiac thrombus (phenprocoumon); prior myocardial infarction with apical akinesia (phenprocoumon); recent deep venous thrombosis (rivaroxaban), recent pulmonary embolism (rivaroxaban n=1; phenprocoumon n=1).
†ASA+clopidogrel n=4, ASA+ticagrelor n=1, ASA+dipyridamol n=1.
ESUS, embolic stroke of undetermined source; mRS, modified Rankin scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.
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Supplementary Data
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