Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Annual incidence and prevalence of TAK. The annual incidence and prevalence of TAK were calculated by using the population estimates in the midst of every year. PY, person-years; TAK, Takayasu arteritis.
- Figure 2
The SIR of stroke in patients with TAK compared with that in the general population. Patients with TAK more often experienced a stroke compared with the general population. In addition, the risk of stroke was higher in both men and women with TAK in a similar manner. The risk of stroke was the highest in those patients ≤54 years old. SIR, standardised incidence ratio; TAK, Takayasu arteritis.
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with TAK included in the study
Total (n=1065) Patients who had a stroke (n=73) Patients who had no stroke (n=992) P value Age at diagnosis (years) 46.7±15.0 49.5±13.4 46.5±15.2 0.101 <20 51 (4.8) 3 (4.1) 48 (4.8) 0.116 20–29 113 (10.6) 1 (1.4) 112 (11.3) 30–39 146 (13.7) 12 (16.4) 134 (13.5) 40–49 263 (24.7) 18 (24.7) 245 (24.7) 50–59 280 (26.3) 26 (35.6) 254 (25.6) 60–69 152 (14.3) 8 (11.0) 144 (14.5) ≥70 60 (5.6) 5 (6.8) 55 (5.6) Sex, n (%) 0.518 Female 867 (81.4) 62 (84.9) 805 (81.1) Male 198 (18.6) 11 (15.1) 187 (18.9) Type of insurance, n (%) 0.157 National Health Insurance 1034 (97.1) 69 (94.5) 965 (97.3) Medical aid 31 (2.9) 4 (5.5) 27 (2.7) Comorbidities Hypertension 0.904 No 569 (53.4) 40 (54.8) 529 (53.3) Yes 496 (46.6) 33 (45.2) 463 (46.7) Diabetes mellitus 0.924 No 858 (80.6) 58 (79.4) 800 (80.6) Yes 207 (19.4) 15 (20.6) 192 (19.4) Dyslipidaemia 0.436 No 544 (51.1) 41 (56.2) 503 (50.7) Yes 521 (48.9) 32 (43.8) 489 (49.3) Atrial fibrillation and flutter 0.303 No 1029 (96.6) 69 (94.5) 960 (96.8) Yes 36 (3.4) 4 (5.5) 32 (3.2) Administered medication Immunosuppressive treatments Glucocorticoid treatment ≥3 months 538 (50.5) 16 (21.9) 522 (52.6) <0.001 Azathioprine 201 (18.9) 6 (8.2) 195 (19.7) 0.024 Methotrexate 366 (34.4) 11 (15.1) 355 (35.8) <0.001 Antiplatelet therapy Aspirin 655 (62.4) 31 (42.5) 634 (63.9) <0.001 Clopidogrel 299 (28.1) 16 (21.9) 283 (28.5) 0.281 Statins 610 (57.3) 25 (34.3) 585 (59.0) <0.001 Follow-up duration (years) 4.29 (2.66) 1.44 (2.06) 4.51 (2.57) <0.001 Values are shown as mean (SD) or number (percentages).
TAK, Takayasu arteritis.
- Table 2
Stroke events and time interval of occurrence after TAK diagnosis
Event of stroke Total (n=73) Male (n=11) Female (n=62) P value Subarachnoid haemorrhage 10 (13.7) 0 (0.0) 10 (16.1) 0.500 Intracerebral haemorrhage 10 (13.7) 1 (9.1) 9 (14.5) Other non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Cerebral infarction 49 (67.1) 10 (90.9) 39 (62.9) Stroke, not specified as haemorrhage or infarction 4 (5.5) 0 (0.0) 4 (6.5) Time interval of stroke occurrence after diagnosis Total (n=73) Male (n=11) Female (n=62) P value Stroke <6 months 41 (56.2) 4 (36.4) 37 (59.7) 0.320 6 months≤stroke<1 year 3 (4.1) 1 (9.1) 2 (3.2) 1 year≤stroke<2 years 8 (11.0) 1 (9.1) 7 (11.3) 2 years≤stroke<3 years 6 (8.2) 1 (9.1) 5 (8.1) Stroke ≥3 years 15 (20.5) 4 (36.4) 11 (17.7) Values are shown as number (percentages).
TAK, Takayasu arteritis.
- Table 3
Incidence rate ratio (IRR) of stroke in patients with TAK stratified by time interval after diagnosis
Male Female After diagnosis # of events PY IR/1000 PY
(95% CI)Crude IRR (95% CI) Adjusted IRR
(95% CI)*# of events PY IR/1000 PY
(95% CI)Crude IRR
(95% CI)Adjusted IRR
(95% CI)*Stroke <6 months 4 95.83 41.74 (12.96 to 96.95) 3.62
(0.91 to 14.48)2.94
(0.73 to 11.81)37 408.17 90.65 (64.49 to 123.07) 13.61 (6.95 to 26.69) 13.46 (6.86 to 26.40) 6 months
≤stroke<1 year1 90.35 11.07 (6.31 to 48.69) 0.96
(0.11 to 8.59)0.80
(0.09 to 7.14)2 384.13 5.21
(0.87 to 16.07)0.78 (0.17 to 3.53) 0.77 (0.17 to 3.49) 1 year
≤stroke<2 years1 164.99 6.06
(0.35 to 26.66)0.53
(0.06 to 4.70)0.46
(0.05 to 4.10)7 694.35 10.08 (4.33 to 19.49) 1.51 (0.59 to 3.90) 1.50 (0.58 to 3.87) 2 years
≤stroke<3 years1 135.45 7.38
(4.21 to 32.47)0.64
(0.07 to 5.73)0.60
(0.07 to 5.40)5 602.48 8.3
(2.98 to 17.84)1.25 (0.43 to 3.58) 1.24 (0.43 to 3.56) Stroke ≥3 years 4 346.95 11.53 (3.58 to 26.78) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 11 1651.45 6.66
(3.46 to 11.41)1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) *IRR was calculated by adjusting for age.
IR, incidence rate; IRR, IRR: incidence rate ratio; PY, person-years; TAK, Takayasu arteritis.
- Table 4
Predictive factors of stroke in patients with TAK during disease course
Crude HR Adjusted HR HR 95% CI P value HR 95% CI P value Age 1.02 1.00 to 1.03 0.049 1.02 1.00 to 1.04 0.043 Sex Female 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Male 0.78 0.41 to 1.49 0.455 0.83 0.44 to 1.58 0.573 Type of insurance National Health Insurance 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Medical aid 1.88 0.69 to 5.16 0.219 1.93 0.70 to 5.33 0.205 Comorbidities Hypertension 0.96 0.60 to 1.51 0.844 0.85 0.51 to 1.42 0.527 Diabetes mellitus 1.13 0.64 to 2.00 0.666 1.13 0.62 to 2.09 0.688 Dyslipidaemia 0.88 0.55 to 1.39 0.572 0.80 0.47 to 1.36 0.408 Atrial fibrillation and flutter 1.95 0.71 to 5.34 0.196 1.66 0.59 to 4.69 0.340 Administered medication* Immunosuppressive treatments Glucocorticoid treatment ≥3 months 0.74 0.38 to 1.46 0.388 0.82 0.38 to 1.79 0.624 Azathioprine 0.72 0.31 to 1.70 0.458 0.86 0.35 to 2.12 0.740 Methotrexate 0.72 0.37 to 1.39 0.322 0.85 0.41 to 1.77 0.660 Antiplatelet therapy Aspirin 0.84 0.51 to 1.37 0.483 0.78 0.45 to 1.34 0.364 Clopidogrel 1.25 0.70 to 2.21 0.454 1.40 0.75 to 2.60 0.290 Statins 0.91 0.55 to 1.51 0.718 0.83 0.46 to 1.50 0.544 *The administration of medication was included as time-dependent covariates.
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; TAK, Takayasu arteritis.
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