Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Overlap of all 180 subject lesions on the MIPLAB atlas in radiological convention. The maximum occurrence of lesions in this data sample (shown in red) is in the MCA territory. Implying, LSM (in this work) focuses on determining structure–function relationships of brain regions with respect to the NIHSS subdomains. LSM, lesion-symptom mapping; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
- Figure 2
LSM analyses for the total NIHSS score (total map): higher eloquence scores indicate regions critically associated with the 48-hour NIHSS. Results show that even a small lesion suffices to result in severe deficit in the left hemispheric regions. LSM, lesion-symptom mapping; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
- Figure 3
LSM analyses for score-based NIHSS grouping: (A) consciousness and language—all regions except the left insula and left anterior segment are critical in both consciousness (top) and language LSM (below); (B) motor and sensory—bilateral critical association of the arcuate and corticospinal tract in motor map (top), whereas in the sensory LSM (below) these tracts are critical only in the right hemisphere; (C) vision and neglect—with the exception of arcuate, the vision and sensory LSMs have distinct critical regions. LSM, lesion-symptom mapping; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
- Figure 4
LSM analyses for anatomy-based NIHSS grouping: (A) consciousness LSM (top) shows predominantly right hemispheric regions while language LSM (below) shows left hemispheric brain regions; (B) bilateral critical association of the arcuate and corticospinal tract is identified in the motor LSM (top) whereas the sensory LSM (below) shows critical regions only in the right hemisphere; (C) vision LSM (top) shows bilateral critical regions while the ataxia LSM shows right hemispheric dominance. LSM, lesion-symptom mapping; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
- Figure 5
Comparison of the cumulative LSM (red) and the total LSM (blue) overlaid on the MIPLAB atlas. The cumulative map does not only contain most of the critical regions seen in the total LSM but reveals more structure–function relationships by utilising NIHSS sub-score information. Brain regions that are common to both, the total NIHSS total map and the sub-score cumulative map, are shown in violet. LSM, lesion-symptom mapping; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
- Table 1
Summary of the two schemes used to categorise NIHSS sub-scores assessed at 48 hours (N=180, 84 men).
Category Score-based grouping Anatomy-based grouping Level of consciousness 1a+1 b+1 c 1a+2 Language 9+10 1b+1 c+9 + 10 Motor 4+5 a+5 b+6 a+6 b+7 4+5 a+5 b+6 a+6b Sensory 8 8+11 Vision 2+3 3 Ataxia – 7 Neglect 11 – The numbers correspond to the standard definition of the 11-item modified NIHSS scale.10 11 Anatomy-based grouping considers neuroanatomy to group the NIHSS components, while score-based grouping follows the design of the NIHSS scale alone.
NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
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