Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Representative CT images of early haematoma growth for two patients with grade II leukoaraiosis.
- Figure 2
Variation of the serum sTWEAK levels in patients with ICH with different leukoaraiosis degrees. ICH, intracerebralhaemorrhage; sTWEAK, soluble tumour necrosisfactor-like weak inducer of apoptosis.
- Figure 3
(A) Median values of serum sTWEAK levels measured in patients without and with early growth of ICH. Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the p value. (B) ROC curve analysis illustrating the ability of sTWEAK to diagnose early ICH growth. ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; sTWEAK, soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weakinducer of apoptosis.
- Figure 4
(A) Median values of serum sTWEAK levels measured in patients with good and poor functional outcome at 3 months. Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the p value. ((B) Percentage of patients with good and poor outcome at 3 months in relation with the grade of leukoaraiosis. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the p value. sTWEAK,soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weakinducer of apoptosis.
- Table 1
Clinical variables, biochemical parameters and neuroimaging values of patients classified according to early haematoma growth
Early haematoma growth P value No (N=465) Yes (N=188) Age, years 71.5±11.6 70.2±12.5 0.200 Women, % 48.4 43 0.061 Previous Rankin scale 1(0, 1) 0(0, 1) 0.415 Latency time, min 237.2±207.4 223.5±212.2 0.49 Wake-up stroke, % 5.6 4.8 0.848 Arterial hypertension, % 70.5 70.7 0.919 Diabetes, % 21.9 21.8 0.931 Smoking, % 8.8 11.7 0.305 Enolism, % 13.5 18.6 0.115 Hyperlipidaemia, % 41.1 39.4 0.725 Peripheral arterial disease,
%4.5 6.4 0.328 Atrial fibrillation, % 16.6 36.2 <0.0001 Ischaemic heart disease,
%9.2 12.2 0.254 Heart failure, % 2.4 5.9 0.032 Previous antiaggregants, % 17 12.8 0.194 Previous anticoagulants, % 11.6 38.3 <0.0001 Axillary temperature at admission, °C 36.6±0.8 36.9±0.7 0.003 Glucose, mg/dL 141.3±49.2 136.8±46.7 0.297 Glycosylated haemoglobin, % 5.9±1.0 5.9±0.9 0.85 Leucocytes, ×103/mL 9.2±3.2 8.9±3.3 0.272 Haemoglobin, g/dL 13.6±4.7 13.1±3.3 0.319 Platelets, ×103/mL 212.1±71.7 209.8±80.6 0.422 Fibrinogen, mg/d 448.3±103.2 432.5±99.9 0.101 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL 108.9±34.6 112.5±36.9 0.354 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 39.7±21.3 36.6±17.6 0.152 Triglycerides, mg/dL 104.3±51.9 104.6±48.2 0.947 Sedimentation rate, mm 30.5±22.8 24.9±19.7 0.004 Leukoaraiosis, % 57.8 85.1 <0.0001 Degree of leukoaraiosis <0.0001 Grade I, % 68.6 31.4 Grade II, % 62 38 Grade III, % 46.8 53.2 Basal volume ICH, mL 44.7±38.8 29.6±28.8 <0.0001 Location of the ICH 0.018 Lobar, % 43.9 35.5 Deep, % 56.1 66.5 Ventricular/subarachnoid contamination, % 19.4 17.6 0.659 NIHSS at admission 14 [10, 19] 13 [9, 17] <0.0001 Rankin scale at 3 months 3 [1, 6] 3 [2, 6] 0.007 Poor outcome at 3 months, % 59.8 71.3 0.007 Etiopathogenesis <0.0001 Hypertensive, % 57.8 36.7 Amyloid, % 14.4 4.3 Antiplatelet drugs/anticoagulants, % 11.4 39.9 Indeterminate/others, % 16.3 19.1 HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.
- Table 2
Logistic regression model for factors related with early haematoma growth
Unadjusted Adjusted* OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P sTWEAK ≥5600 pg/mL 29.29 18.54 to 46.30 <0.0001 42.46 22.67 to 79.52 <0.0001 ICH basal volume 0.98 0.98 to 0.99 <0.0001 0.96 0.95 to 0.97 <0.0001 Leukoaraiosis 4.16 2.68 to 6.48 <0.0001 2.73 1.39 to 5.34 0.003 Unadjusted Adjusted† OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P sTWEAK ≥5600 pg/mL 29.29 18.54 to 46.30 <0.0001 46.63 24.18 to 89.9 <0.0001 ICH basal volume 0.98 0.98 to 0.99 <0.0001 0.96 0.94 to 0.97 <0.0001 Leukoaraiosis No LA Ref. – – Ref – – Grade I 3.2 1.94 to 5.29 <0.0001 1.55 0.7 to 3.43 0.275 Grade II 4.24 2.61 to 7.06 <0.0001 3.42 1.59 to 7.35 0.002 Grade III 7.97 4.21 to 15.06 <0.0001 7.79 2.75 to 22.08 <0.0001 *Adjusted by atrial fibrillation, heart failure, previous anticoagulants, temperature at 183 admissions, sedimentation rate, deep ICH, NIHSS at admission, ICH for anticoagulants, basal ICH volume, presence of LA and sTWEAK ≥5600 pg/mL.
†Adjusted by the same variables; the presence of LA was replaced by the three grades of LA.
ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; LA, leukoaraiosis; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; sTWEAK, soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis.
- Table 3
Clinical variables, biochemical parameters and neuroimaging values of patients classified according to the clinical outcome at 3 months
Outcome at 3 months Good (242) Poor (411) P value Age, years 67.9±12.5 72.8±10.9 <0.0001 Women, % 45.5 43.1 0.568 Previous Rankin scale 0 (0, 1) 1 (0, 1) 0.015 Latency time, min 251.6±216.3 221.1±203.5 0.113 Wake-up stroke, % 5.4 5.4 1 Arterial hypertension, % 69.4 71.3 0.657 Diabetes, % 19.4 23.4 0.281 Smoking, % 12 8.3 0.132 Enolism, % 14 15.6 0.651 Hyperlipidaemia, % 43 39.2 0.364 Peripheral arterial disease, % 3.7 5.8 0.27 Atrial fibrillation, % 14.9 26.5 0.001 Ischaemic heart disease, % 7 11.9 0.059 Heart failure, % 2.1 4.1 0.183 Previous antiaggregants, % 14.9 16.3 0.658 Previous anticoagulants, % 11.2 24.1 <0.0001 Axillary temperature at admission, °C 36.5±0.7 36.8±0.8 <0.0001 Glucose, mg/dL 128.2±45.7 146.6±48.8 <0.0001 Glycosylated haemoglobin, % 5.8±0.9 5.9±1.0 0.286 Leucocytes, ×103/mL 8.6±2.7 9.4±3.4 0.001 Haemoglobin, g/dL 13.2±3.9 12.9±6.5 0.407 Platelets, ×103/mL 210.9±75.8 207.5±91.7 0.514 Fibrinogen, mg/dL 436.2±89.6 447.9±109.9 0.203 LDL cholesterol, mg/dL 114.8±33.3 106.9±36.4 0.032 HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 37.4±16.8 39.4±22.1 0.346 Triglycerides, mg/dL 104.3±50.1 104.5±51.3 0.98 Sedimentation rate, mm 25.0±17.6 31.2±24.1 0.001 Leukoaraiosis, % 45.5 77.6 <0.0001 Degree of leukoaraiosis <0.0001 Grade I, % 28.5 29 Grade II, % 15.8 34.5 Grade III, % 1.7 14.1 Basal volume ICH, mL 25.6±20.8 49.0±41.2 <0.0001 Location of the ICH 0.458 Lobar, % 38.8 42.1 Deep, % 61.2 57.9 Ventricular/subarachnoid contamination, % 13.6 21.9 0.01 NIHSS at admission 10 [6, 14] 16 [13, 20] <0.0001 Etiopathogenesis <0.0001 Hypertensive, % 56.2 49.1 Amyloid, % 11.2 11.7 Antiplatelet drugs/anticoagulants, % 11.6 24.3 Indeterminate/others, % 21.1 14.8 sTWEAK (cat) ≥5600 pg/mL, % 18.7 41.7 <0.0001 Early haematoma growth % 21.1 33.3 0.001 HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; sTWEAK, soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis.
- Table 4
Logistic regression model for factors related with poor clinical outcome at 3 months
Unadjusted Adjusted* OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value sTWEAK ≥5600 pg/mL 3.12 2.13 to 4.55 <0.0001 1.57 0.87 to 2.83 0.129 ICH basal volume 1.03 1.03 to 1.04 <0.0001 1.04 1.03 to 1.05 <0.0001 Leukoaraiosis 4.16 2.92 to 5.86 <0.0001 4.31 2.89 to 6.42 <0.0001 ICH growth 1.87 1.29 to 2.71 0.001 1.61 0.88 to 2.94 0.123 sTWEAK×ICH growth 2.23 1.40 to 3.55 0.001 Unadjusted Adjusted† OR 95% CI P value OR 95% CI P value sTWEAK ≥5600 pg/mL 3.12 2.13 to 4.55 <0.0001 1.67 0.93 to 2.99 0.086 ICH basal volume 1.03 1.03 to 1.04 <0.0001 1.03 1.03 to 1.04 <0.0001 Leukoaraiosis No LA Ref. – – Ref – – Grade I 1.43 1.06 to 1.92 0.019 2.63 1.66 to 4.14 <0.0001 Grade II 2.47 1.79 to 3.39 <0.0001 6.05 3.67 to 9.98 <0.0001 Grade III 3.07 1.89 to 4.97 <0.0001 17.03 5.72 to 50.68 <0.0001 ICH growth 1.87 1.29 to 2.71 0.001 1.49 0.82 to 2.73 0.193 sTWEAK×ICH growth 2.01 1.27 to 3.23 0.003 *Adjusted by age, previous mRS, atrial fibrillation, previous anticoagulants, temperature at admission, glucose, leucocytes, C reactive protein, LDL cholesterol, sedimentation rate, basal ICH volume, presence of LA, ICH growth and sTWEAK ≥5600 pg/mL.
†Adjusted by the same variables; the presence of LA was replaced by the three grades of LA.
HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; LA, leukoaraiosis; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; sTWEAK, soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis.
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