Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1
Kaplan-Meier curve of all-cause death incidence rate by quintiles of carbon dioxide combining power. (A) Death at 3 months and (B) death at 1 year. Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, history of dyslipidaemia, stroke or transient ischaemic stroke, atrial fibrillation/flutter, stroke type, current smoker, antihypertensive agents, anticoagulant agents, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, time from onset of symptoms to admission and high-sensitivity C reactive protein on admission.
- Figure 2
Association of CO2CP levels with risk of all-cause death and poor functional outcome at 3 months and 1 year. (A–C) All-cause death, mRS score 3–6 and mRS score 2–6 at 3 months; (D–F) all-cause death, mRS score 3–6 and mRS score 2–6 at 1 year. Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, history of dyslipidaemia, stroke or transient ischaemic stroke, atrial fibrillation/flutter, stroke type, current smoker, antihypertensive agents, anticoagulant agents, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, time from onset of symptoms to admission and high-sensitivity C reactive protein on admission. CO2CP, carbon dioxide combining power; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.
- Figure 3
Associations of CO2CP levels stratified into three groups with the risk of all-cause death and poor functional outcome at 3 months and 1 year. Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, history of dyslipidaemia, stroke or transient ischaemic stroke, atrial fibrillation/flutter, stroke type, current smoker, antihypertensive agents, anticoagulant agents, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, time from onset of symptoms to admission and high-sensitivity C reactive protein on admission. CO2CP, carbon dioxide combining power; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics of included patients stratified into quintiles according to CO2CP
Variable Overall Quintiles of CO2CP, mmol/L P value Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 n 9531 1914 (20.08) 1956 (20.52) 1874 (19.66) 1869 (19.61) 1918 (20.12) CO2CP, mmol/L 24.9 (23.0–27.0) 21.1 (20.0–22.0) 23.3 (23.0–23.8) 25.0 (24.5–25.2) 26.4 (26.0–27.0) 28.8 (28.0–30.0) <0.0001 Age, years 62 (54–70) 62 (53–70) 62 (54–70) 62 (54–69) 62 (55–70) 63 (56–70) 0.0008 Men, n (%) 6556 (68.79) 1347 (70.38) 1308 (66.87) 1319 (70.38) 1278 (68.38) 1304 (67.99) 0.0738 Body mass index, kg/m2 24.51 (22.68–26.67) 24.66 (22.86–26.71) 24.62 (22.86–26.7) 24.49 (22.68–26.67) 24.57 (22.66–26.57) 24.49 (22.49–26.64) 0.1261 Medical history, n (%) Hypertension 5958 (62.51) 1170 (61.13) 1249 (63.85) 1190 (63.50) 1149 (61.48) 1200 (62.57) 0.3187 Diabetes mellitus 2243 (23.53) 421 (22.00) 456 (23.31) 452 (24.12) 459 (24.56) 455 (23.72) 0.3986 Dyslipidaemia 801 (8.4) 133 (6.95) 156 (7.98) 160 (8.54) 178 (9.52) 174 (9.07) 0.0416 Stroke or TIA 2190 (22.98) 393 (20.53) 447 (22.85) 436 (23.27) 434 (23.22) 480 (25.03) 0.0246 Atrial fibrillation/flutter 621 (6.52) 152 (7.94) 123 (6.29) 125 (6.67) 109 (5.83) 112 (5.84) 0.0497 Peripheral vascular disease 66 (0.69) 14 (0.73) 9 (0.46) 13 (0.69) 16 (0.86) 14 (0.73) 0.6727 Heart failure 64 (4.81) 14 (5.51) 15 (5.66) 12 (4.44) 9 (3.46) 14 (4.96) 0.7691 COPD 81 (0.85) 15 (0.78) 13 (0.66) 16 (0.85) 12 (0.640 25 (1.30) 0.1625 Stroke type/subtype, n (%) Ischaemic stroke 8832 (92.67) 1789 (93.47) 1820 (93.05) 1735 (92.58) 1739 (93.04) 1749 (91.19) 0.0661 Transient ischaemic attack 699 (7.33) 125 (6.53) 136 (6.95) 139 (7.42) 130 (6.96) 169 (8.81) TOAST, n (%) Large-artery atherosclerosis 2400 (25.18) 520 (27.17) 477 (24.39) 486 (25.93) 452 (24.18) 465 (24.24) 0.3994 Cardioembolism 544 (5.71) 123 (6.43) 112 (5.73) 104 (5.55) 99 (5.30) 106 (5.53) Small-vessel occlusion 1966 (20.63) 355 (18.55) 396 (20.25) 391 (20.86) 402 (21.51) 422 (22.00) Other determined aetiology 126 (1.32) 26 (1.36) 30 (1.53) 22 (1.17) 26 (1.39) 22 (1.15) Undetermined aetiology 4495 (47.16) 890 (46.50) 941 (48.11) 871 (46.48) 890 (47.62) 903 (47.08) Current smoker, n (%) 3089 (32.41) 684 (35.74) 634 (32.41) 621 (33.14) 577 (30.87) 573 (29.87) 0.0099 Medication in hospital, n (%) Cholesterol-lowering agents 9182 (96.99) 1844 (97.10) 1893 (97.23) 1803 (96.99) 1791 (96.45) 1851 (97.17) 0.6374 Antihypertensive agents 4568 (48.25) 959 (50.50) 939 (48.23) 874 (47.01) 873 (47.01) 923 (48.45) 0.1875 Hypoglycaemic agents 2449 (25.87) 476 (25.07) 506 (25.99) 489 (26.30) 486 (26.17) 492 (25.83) 0.9206 Antiplatelet agents 9191 (97.08) 1852 (97.53) 1885 (96.82) 1806 (97.15) 1811 (97.52) 1837 (96.43) 0.2016 Anticoagulant agents 849 (8.97) 211 (11.11) 177 (9.09) 159 (8.55) 150 (8.08) 152 (7.98) 0.0043 NIHSS score on admission 3 (1–6) 3 (1–6) 3 (1–6) 3 (1–6) 3 (1–5) 3 (1–6) <0.0001 Time from onset of symptoms to admission, hours 15.00 (3.00–45.00) 12.00 (3.00–32.00) 14.00 (3.00–45.00) 15.00 (3.00–45.00) 15.00 (3.00–44.00) 19.00 (4.00–48.00) <0.0001 Total cholesterol, mmol/L 3.97 (3.31–4.74) 3.92 (3.31–4.74) 4.02 (3.31–4.77) 3.95 (3.3–4.71) 4 (3.31–4.74) 3.95 (3.32–4.75) 0.7846 Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L 2.3 (1.71–2.97) 2.27 (1.7–2.96) 2.34 (1.72–3.01) 2.28 (1.69–2.95) 2.31 (1.71–2.97) 2.3 (1.72–2.98) 0.6915 High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L 0.93 (0.77–1.11) 0.90 (0.77–1.08) 0.93 (0.76–1.11) 0.93 (0.76–1.1) 0.93 (0.77–1.13) 0.95 (0.78–1.13) 0.0236 Triglycerides, mmol/L 1.38 (1.04–1.89) 1.38 (1.04–1.91) 1.40 (1.06–1.91) 1.36 (1.00–1.88) 1.41 (1.04–1.95) 1.36 (1.04–1.84) 0.2033 Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L 5.56 (4.90–6.99) 5.53 (4.87–6.94) 5.60 (4.94–7.10) 5.56 (4.90–6.90) 5.52 (4.90–7.02) 5.53 (4.90–6.99) 0.3506 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 93.31 (81.94–102.03) 92.96 (80.93–102.93) 93.32 (81.58–101.83) 93.85 (81.95–102.55) 94.11 (82.57–102.01) 92.76 (82.72–101.01) 0.4400 hs-CRP, mg/L 1.78 (0.81–4.71) 2.05 (0.87–5.58) 1.79 (0.82–4.78) 1.75 (0.8–4.51) 1.66 (0.81–4.43) 1.64 (0.78–4.36) 0.0020 Medication on discharge, n (%) Cholesterol-lowering agents 8571 (92.06) 1772 (93.07) 1801 (92.26) 1717 (91.82) 1709 (91.59) 1752 (91.49) 0.3638 Antihypertensive agents 4840 (50.91) 1004 (52.73) 996 (51.02) 934 (49.95) 944 (50.59) 962 (50.23) 0.4544 Hypoglycaemic agents 2298 (24.17) 460 (24.16) 478 (24.49) 449 (24.01) 445 (23.85) 466 (24.33) 0.9918 Antiplatelet agents 8668 (91.17) 1740 (91.93) 1773 (90.83) 1710 (91.44) 1704 (91.32) 1741 (90.91) 0.9421 Anticoagulant agents 260 (2.73) 64 (3.36) 53 (2.72) 47 (2.51) 44 (2.36) 52 (2.72) 0.3853 CO2CP, carbon dioxide combining power; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
- Table 2
Association of all-cause death and poor functional outcomes with quintiles of CO2CP
Outcomes Quintile of CO2CP P for trend Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 At 3 months Death 39 (2.04) 27 (1.38) 21 (1.12) 16 (0.86) 23 (1.20) Unadjusted 2.55 (1.37–4.78) 1.77 (0.94–3.33) 1.40 (0.73–2.72) Reference 1.24 (0.64–2.39) 0.7585 Model 1 2.65 (1.41–4.96) 1.70 (0.89–3.22) 1.41 (0.73–2.75) Reference 1.16 (0.60–2.27) 0.6639 Model 2 2.33 (1.23–4.44) 1.63 (0.85–3.13) 1.24 (0.62–2.46) Reference 1.15 (0.58–2.27) 0.7527 Model 3 2.40 (1.27–4.55) 1.58 (0.82–3.03) 1.16 (0.58–2.32) Reference 1.29 (0.64–2.57) 0.8246 mRS 3–6 319 (16.67) 276 (14.11) 257 (13.71) 208 (11.13) 228 (11.89) Unadjusted 1.74 (1.41–2.14) 1.39 (1.13–1.70) 1.30 (1.06–1.59) Reference 1.05 (0.85–1.29) 0.5259 Model 1 1.80 (1.46–2.22) 1.40 (1.14–1.72) 1.34 (1.09–1.65) Reference 1.02 (0.83–1.26) 0.3626 Model 2 1.57 (1.25–1.97) 1.27 (1.01–1.58) 1.25 (1.00–1.57) Reference 0.96 (0.76–1.21) 0.3243 Model 3 1.58 (1.26–1.98) 1.27 (1.02–1.59) 1.27 (1.01–1.59) Reference 0.97 (0.77–1.23) 0.3814 mRS 2–6 561 (29.31) 516 (26.38) 483 (25.77) 448 (23.97) 476 (24.82) Unadjusted 1.41 (1.20–1.66) 1.18 (1.01–1.38) 1.11 (0.95–1.30) Reference 1.07 (0.91–1.25) 0.5389 Model 1 1.46 (1.24–1.72) 1.19 (1.02–1.40) 1.14 (0.97–1.34) Reference 1.05 (0.90–1.24) 0.3668 Model 2 1.26 (1.05–1.51) 1.09 (0.92–1.30) 1.07 (0.90–1.28) Reference 1.02 (0.85–1.21) 0.4684 Model 3 1.26 (1.05–1.51) 1.10 (0.92–1.30) 1.08 (0.91–1.28) Reference 1.02 (0.86–1.22) 0.4954 At 1 year Death 70 (3.66) 60 (3.07) 58 (3.09) 41 (2.19) 51 (2.66) Unadjusted 1.64 (1.08–2.48) 1.41 (0.94–2.12) 1.42 (0.95–2.14) Reference 1.11 (0.72–1.70) 0.7947 Model 1 1.68 (1.11–2.54) 1.40 (0.93–2.11) 1.48 (0.98–2.22) Reference 1.05 (0.68–1.62) 0.9283 Model 2 1.50 (0.99–2.28) 1.35 (0.89–2.04) 1.34 (0.89–2.03) Reference 1.00 (0.65–1.55) 0.9980 Model 3 1.56 (1.03–2.36) 1.35 (0.89–2.04) 1.35 (0.89–2.04) Reference 1.06 (0.68–1.65) 0.8666 mRS 3–6 301 (15.73) 243 (12.42) 246 (13.13) 212 (11.34) 233 (12.15) Unadjusted 1.44 (1.17–1.77) 1.11 (0.91–1.37) 1.16 (0.95–1.42) Reference 1.05 (0.86–1.30) 0.6571 Model 1 1.50 (1.21–1.85) 1.12 (0.91–1.38) 1.21 (0.98–1.49) Reference 1.03 (0.83–1.27) 0.4322 Model 2 1.32 (1.05–1.66) 1.01 (0.81–1.27) 1.11 (0.88–1.38) Reference 0.97 (0.77–1.22) 0.3000 Model 3 1.33 (1.06–1.67) 1.01 (0.81–1.27) 1.12 (0.89–1.41) Reference 0.98 (0.78–1.24) 0.3659 mRS 2–6 520 (27.17) 472 (24.13) 455 (24.28) 401 (21.46) 441 (22.99) Unadjusted 1.47 (1.24–1.73) 1.21 (1.03–1.43) 1.18 (1.01–1.38) Reference 1.09 (0.93–1.29) 0.9855 Model 1 1.53 (1.30–1.81) 1.23 (1.05–1.45) 1.22 (1.04–1.44) Reference 1.07 (0.91–1.27) 0.7330 Model 2 1.35 (1.13–1.62) 1.14 (0.96–1.36) 1.16 (0.97–1.38) Reference 1.04 (0.87–1.25) 0.8040 Model 3 1.36 (1.13–1.62) 1.14 (0.96–1.36) 1.17 (0.98–1.39) Reference 1.05 (0.88–1.25) 0.8458 Model 1: adjusted for age and gender.
Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, history of dyslipidaemia, stroke or transient ischaemic stroke, atrial fibrillation/flutter, stroke type, current smoker, antihypertensive agents, anticoagulant agents, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on admission.
Model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2, plus history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, time from onset of symptoms to admission and high-sensitivity C reactive protein on admission.
CO2CP, carbon dioxide combining power; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary data
Additional Files
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
