Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Simplified research procedure in our study. ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; ASL, arterial spin labelling; BRAVO, brain volume; DSA, digital subtraction angiography; DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; fMRI, functional MRI; t-ASL, territorial arterial spin labelling.
- Figure 2
Comparison of cognitive function between MMD and healthy controls. Compared with the healthy controls matched by gender, age and education time, the adult MMD had a wide range of cognitive impairment, including IQ, PM (both TBPM and EBPM), VF, AT, time dimension of Stroop, CPT and TMT-A. Details may be found in online supplementary material table 4. *, p<0.05; #, p<0.01. AT, attention; BD, block design; C-CAMPROMPT, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test; CC, category completed; CPT, Continuous Persistence Test; EBPM, event-based prospective memory; GK, general knowledge; HC, healthy control; IM, immediate memory; MMD, moyamoya disease; PE, perseverative error; PM, prospective memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; RM retrospective memory; SI, similarity; TBPM, time-based prospective memory; TMT-A, Trail-Making Test Part A; VB, visual breadth; VF, verbal fluency; VP, visual puzzle; WCST, Wisconsin Card Classification Test.
- Figure 3
Comparison of cognitive function between MMD and healthy controls matched with gender, age,regional distribution and education level by covariate analysis (IQ adjusted). After variable controlled (IQ adjusted), significant difference between two groups in EBPM, TBPM and attention dimension could still be found. However, RM had no significant difference between the two groups. The separation between PM and RM indicated that PM and RM were independent of each other. EBPM, event-based prospective memory; HC, healthy control; MMD, moyamoya disease; PM, prospective memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; RM, retrospective memory; TBPM, time-based prospective memory.
- Figure 4
Comparison of cognitive function between male and female adult patients with MMD and HCs. For adult patients with MMD, the cognitive functions of female patients were better compared with male ones, where significant differences in PM (TBPM and EBPM), IM, Stroop and WCST-CC could be found. However, no similar results could be found between male and female in HCs. Details could be found in online supplementary material tables 8 and 9. *, p<0.05; #, p<0.01. AT, attention; BD, block design; C-CAMPROMPT, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test; CC, category completed; CPT, Continuous PersistenceTest; EBPM, event-based prospective memory; GK, general knowledge; HC, healthy control; IM, immediate memory; MMD, moyamoya disease; PE, perseverative error; PM prospective memory; RM retrospective memory; SI, similarity; TBPM, time-based prospective memory; TMT-A, Trail-Making Test Part A; VB, visual breadth; VF, verbal fluency; VP, visual puzzle; WCST, Wisconsin Card Classification Test.
- Figure 5
Comparison of cognitive function between ischaemic and haemorrhagic adult patients with moyamoya disease. The ischaemic patients performed better than the haemorrhagic patients, where the differences in the dimensions of EBPM and RM could be observed. The other dimensions were not significant (p>0.05). Details could be found in online supplementary material table 5. *, p<0.05; #, p<0.01. AT, attention; BD, block design; BPM, event-based prospective memory; C-CAMPROMPT, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test; CC, category completed; CPT, Continuous PersistenceTest; GK, general knowledge; IM, immediate memory; PE, perseverative error; PM prospective memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; RM, retrospective memory; SI, similarity; TBPM, time-based prospective memory; TMT-A, Trail-Making Test Part A; VB, visual breadth; VF, verbal fluency; VP, visual puzzle; WCST, Wisconsin Card Classification Test.
- Figure 6
Comparison of cognitive function between ischaemic subtypes for adult patients with moyamoya disease. For ischaemic patients, the headache subtype performed better than the TIA subtype, which was better than infarction ones. However, no significant difference between three ischaemic subtypes could be found (p>0.05). Moreover, the cognitive function of the headache subtype performed worse than that of HCs, but there was no significant difference between these two groups (p>0.05). Details could be found in online supplementary material tables 6 and 7. *, p<0.05; #, p<0.01. AT, attention; BD, block design; C-CAMPROMPT, Cambridge Prospective Memory Test; CC, category completed; CPT, Continuous Persistence Test; EBPM, event-based prospective memory; GK, general knowledge; HC, healthy control; IM, immediate memory; PE, perseverative error; PM, prospective memory; RM retrospective memory; SI, similarity; TBPM, time-based prospective memory; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; TMTA, Trail-Making Test Part A; VB, visual breadth; VF, verbal fluency; VP, visual puzzle; WCST, Wisconsin Card Classification Test.
- Figure 7
Analysis of attention pattern for adult patients with MMD and HCs. The time of attention for adult patients with MMD was significantly higher than healthy controls, including valid, invalid and control patterns (A). For adult patients with MMD, the time of the valid pattern was higher than that of the invalid pattern, indicating that attention pattern had changed, though no significant difference could be found between the three subgroups (B). *, p<0.05; #, p<0.01. HC, healthy control; MMD, moyamoya disease.
Tables
- Table 1
Characteristics of participants and clinical information on patients
MMD HC χ2/t P value Gender 0.612 0.46 Male 24 9 Female 25 14 Age 38.45±8.989 37.57±9.144 −0.387 0.700 Education time (year) 13.35±2.884 14.22±2.088 1.452 0.152 Type of MMD Haemorrhagic 12 – Ischaemic 37 – TIA 11 Infarction 21 Headache 5 Data are given as mean±SD.
HC, healthy control; MMD, moyamoya disease; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
- Table 2
Comparison of cognitive function between MMD and HCs after IQ controlled (covariance analysis)
HC (n=23） MMD (n=49) F P value PM TBPM 12.30±2.704 9.06±3.761 8.339 .005* EBPM 14.22±2.110 12.14±3.208 4.353 .041* Total scores 26.52±3.860 21.20±6.232 8.424 .005* RBANS domains IM 87.43±11.317 79.94±15.715 0.480 0.491 VB 79.26±13.084 75.49±10.017 0.473 0.494 VF 94.04±8.931 83.27±14.319 4.431 .039* AT 108.70±8.977 93.76±15.625 9.883 .002** RM 90.04±10.227 81.41±15.381 1.121 0.293 SS 459.48±34.927 413.86±53.027 6.023 .017* TSIS 88.57±8.727 77.63±12.667 5.916 .018* WCST PE 10.87±24.125 12.10±24.636 0.022 0.881 CC 4.74±1.912 4.10±2.114 0.013 0.910 Data are given as mean±SD.
iBoldfaced values: If P value is lower than 0.05, boldfaced was used to discriminate.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01.
AT, attention; CC, category completed; EBPM, event-based prospective memory; HC, healthy control; IM, immediate memory; MMD, moyamoya disease; PE, perseverative error; PM, prospective memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; RM, retrospective memory; SS, scale score; TBPM, time-based prospective memory; TSIS, total scale of index scores; VB, visual breadth; VF, verbal fluency; WCST, Wisconsin Card Classification Test.
- Table 3
Correlation between gender, age, education time, IQ, PM, RBANS domains and WCST for adult patients with MMD
(A) Showed correlation between PM and gender, age, education time, IM, VB, VF, AT, RM, SS, PE and CC Gender Age Education time IQ IM VB VF AT RM SS PE CC TBPM 0.334* −0.363* 0.104 0.312* 0.444** 0.127 0.258 0.440** 0.421** 0.477** −0.116 0.460** EBTM 0.314* −0.248 −0.001 0.276 0.382** 0.164 0.181 0.341* 0.422** 0.416** −0.030 0.428** SS, Scale score.
(B) Exhibited correlation between AT and gender, age, IQ, PM, RM, VB, VF, RM, SS, PE and CC Gender Age IQ TBPM EBPM RM VB VF RM SS PE CC AT 0.264 −0.295* 0.539** 0.440** 0.341* 0.492** 0.354* 0.414** 0.458** 0.752** −0.116 0.38** *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
AT, attention; CC, category completed; EBPM, event-based prospective memory; IM, immediate memory; MMD, moyamoya disease; PE, perseverative error; PM, prospective memory; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; RM, retrospective memory; TBPM, time-based prospective memory; VB, visual breadth; VF, verbal fluency; WCST, Wisconsin Card Classification Test.
Supplementary data
