Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the blood–brain barrier. BM, basement membrane.
Tables
- Table 1
Loss-of-function studies on major BM components
Genes Knockout/mutation Cre promoter Knockout phenotype References Collagen IV Collagen 4A1/2 Global knockout – BM structural deficiencies and embryonic lethality (E10.5–E11.5) 39 Collagen 4A1 Lacking exon 41 in both alleles – Embryonic lethality 45 Collagen 4A1 Lacking exon 41 in one allele – Intracerebral haemorrhage and porencephaly 40 41 Collagen 4A1 Conditional knockout Rosa26-CreER, Tie2-Cre, Pdgfrb-Cre, Gfap-Cre Intracerebral haemorrhage and porencephaly with different severity 42 Collagen 4A1/2 Missense mutations – Vascular defects and brain malformations 43 44 Collagen 4A2 Missense mutations – Intracerebral haemorrhage 45 Laminin Laminin α2 Global knockout – BBB disruption 58 Laminin α4 Global knockout – Haemorrhage during embryonic/neonatal stage 68 Laminin α5 Global knockout – Embryonic lethality (~E17) and defects in neural tube closure and neural crest cell migration 52–54 Conditional knockout Tie2-Cre
(endothelium)No gross CNS abnormalities under homeostatic conditions 70 71 Laminin β1 Global knockout – Embryonic lethality (E5.5–E6.5) 55 Laminin γ1 Global knockout – Embryonic lethality (E5.5–E6.5) 55–57 Conditional knockout Nestin-Cre (neural progenitors) BBB breakdown and intracerebral haemorrhage 1 87 Conditional knockout Pdgrfb-Cre (mural cells) Hydrocephalus and BBB breakdown 51 Nidogen Nidogen-1 Global knockout – Mild BM alteration in brain capillaries 72–74 Nidogen-2 Global knockout – No effect on BM formation 75 Nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 Global knockout – BM defect and perinatal lethality 77–79 Perlecan Perlecan Global knockout – Embryonic lethality (E10–E12) 84–86 BBB, blood–brain barrier; BM, basement membrane; CNS, central nervous system.
Vol 4 Issue 2
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