Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Published studies of mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes in ischaemic stroke
Animals Stroke model Time of treatment Routes of exosome delivery Exosome modifications Proposed mechanisms Ref Rat 2 hours tMCAO 24 hours after ischaemia Tail vein No Promote neurite remodelling, neurogenesis and angiogenesis 80 Mouse 30 min tMCAO 1, 3 and 5 days after ischaemia Femoral vein No Immunomodulation 82 Rat 30 min tMCAO 1, 3 and 5 days after ischaemia Femoral vein No Immunomodulation 81 Rat pMCAO 48 hours after ischaemia Common carotid artery No Promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis, anti-inflammation 83 Ovine fetuses 25 min global hypoxia-ischaemia 1 hour and 4 days after ischaemia Intravenously No Preserve baroreceptor reflex sensitivity and reduce white matter injury 152 Rat 2 hours tMCAO 24 hours after ischaemia Intravenously Enriched in miR-17-92 cluster Enhance oligodendrogenesis, neurogenesis and neurite remodelling 97 Mouse 30 min tMCAO Once every other day for 14 days after ischaemia Tail vein RGD-exosomes loaded with miR-210 Promote VEGF expression and angiogenesis 147 Mouse Photothrombosis 24 hours after ischaemia Tail vein RVG-exosomes loaded with miR-124 Promote neurogenesis 98 Rat Endothelin-1 subcortical stroke 24 hours after ischaemia Tail vein No Promote white matter repair 90 Mouse 5 min bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion Right before ischaemia Intracerebroventricular injection No Inhibition of Cox-2 expression 89 Rat 2 hours tMCAO Immediately after ischaemia Tail vein No Reduce oedema 84 Rat Perinatal brain injury Before ischaemia Intranasally No Neuroprotection, anti-inflammation 88 Rat 2 hours tMCAO 24 hours after ischaemia Intra-arterially Enriched with miR-134b Promote neurite remodelling 153 Macaca mulatta Cortical hand cerebral injury 24 hours and 14 days post injury Intravenously No Not studied 154 Aged macaca mulatta Cortical hand cerebral injury 24 hours and 14 days post injury Intravenously No Reduce inflammation, shift microglia towards restorative functions 85 Macaca mulatta Cortical hand cerebral injury 24 hours and 14 days post injury Intravenously No Dampen injury-related hyperexcitability restores excitatory–inhibitory balance 86 RVG, rabies virus glycoprotein; tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
- Table 2
Published studies of neural stem cell derived exosomes in ischaemic stroke
Animals Stroke model Time of treatment Routes of exosome delivery Exosome modifications Proposed mechanisms Ref Mouse TE-MCAO 2 hours, 14 hours, 38 hours/6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours (in aged mice) after ischaemia Tail vein No Immunomodulation, inhibit inflammation 99 Mouse 1 hour tMCAO 2 hours after ischaemia Internal jugular vein No Preserve astrocyte function 100 Pig pMCAO 2 hours, 14 hours, 24 hours after ischaemia Intravenously No Protect the integrity of BBB and WM 101 BBB, blood-brain barrier; pMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; TE-MCAO, thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion; WM, white matter.
- Table 3
Published studies of adipose-derived stem cell derived exosome in ischaemic stroke
Animals Stroke model Time of treatment Routes of exosome delivery Exosome modifications Proposed mechanisms Ref Rat 50 min tMCAO 3 hours after ischaemia Intravenously No Anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis 155 Rat tMCAO Immediately after ischaemia Tail vein Enriched with miR-30d-5p Reduce autophagy and inflammation, and promote microglia M2 polarisation 105 Rat tMCAO Not mentioned Intravenously Enriched with miR-126 Promote neurogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation 104 Rat 1 hour tMCAO 3 days before ischaemia Lateral cerebral ventricle injection Loaded with pigment epithelium-derived factor Promote autophagy 156 tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.
- Table 4
Published studies of other cell derived exosomes in ischaemic stroke
Animals Stroke model Time of treatment Source of exosomes Routes of exosome delivery Exosome modifications Proposed mechanisms Ref Mouse pMCAO 1 hour after ischaemia Astrocyte Tail vein No Anti-apoptosis 107 Mouse 90 min tMCAO 30 min after ischaemia Brain microvascular ECs Tail vein No Protect BBB integrity, inhibit astrocyte activation 109 Mouse Photothrombosis 3 days after ischaemia Brain endothelial cells Intravenously Enriched with miR-126 Promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis and M2 macrophage polarisation 114 Rat 2 hours tMCAO Immediately after ischaemia Macrophage cell line Tail vein No Promote M2 microglial polarisation 157 Mouse 90 min tMCAO 1, 2, 3 days after ischaemia Microglia cell line Tail vein No Promote neuronal survival 116 pMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Vol 6 Issue 3
Table of Contents
- Article
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Ischaemic stroke pathology
- Biogenesis of exosomes
- Exosome profile changes after stroke
- Exosome-based therapy and application
- Routes of exosome administration
- Exosome labelling and tracking
- Exosome targeting
- Exosome clinical trials in stroke
- Conclusions and future perspectives
- Ethics statements
- Footnotes
- References
- Figures & Data
- eLetters
- Info & Metrics