Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Sex and age distribution of the targeted population and participants, and participation rates
N Per cent Response rate (%) Targeted population 9286 100.0 – Female 4830 52.0 – Age 55–64 4997 53.8 – 65–74 2567 27.6 – 75+ 1722 18.6 – Participants 2291 100.0 24.7 Female 1275 55.7 26.4 Age 55–64 1302 56.8 26.1 65–74 693 30.2 27.0 75+ 296 13.0 17.2 - Table 2
Research overview of study participants
N=2291 Men
N=1016Women
N=1275Age (year) 64.6±7.4 65.4±7.8 64.0±7.0 Homocysteine (µmol/L) 24.7±18.0 29.3±20.8 21.0±14.5 Folic acid (nmol/L) 11.2±13.0 10.6±14.7 11.6±11.5 Atherosclerosis 1747 (76.3%) 854 (84.1%) 893 (70.0%) Thickening of IMT only 633 (27.6%) 265 (26.1%) 368 (28.9%) Plaque formation only 982 (42.9%) 514 (50.6%) 468 (36.7%) Stenosis or occlusion 132 (5.8%) 75 (7.4%) 57 (4.5%) IMT, intima media thickness.
- Table 3
Comparison of demographic characteristics in participants with or without carotid atherosclerosis
Carotid atherosclerosis No N=544 Yes N=1747 p Value Age (year) 61.9±6.0 65.4±7.5 0.000 BMI (kg/m2) 24.4±3.5 23.7±3.3 0.000 SBP (mm Hg) 136.9±18.6 140.3±20.8 0.000 DBP (mm Hg) 83.6±10.7 83.3±11.3 0.602 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.3±1.2 4.4±1.1 0.538 Triglycerides (mmol/L) 1.6±1.1 1.5±1.1 0.004 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.2±0.4 1.2±0.4 0.110 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.5±0.9 2.5±0.8 0.109 Uric acid (µmol/L) 241.3±71.3 253.8±74.0 0.001 Homocysteine (µmol/L) 22.4±16.0 25.4±18.6 0.000 FBG (mmol/L) 5.2±1.2 5.4±1.5 0.000 Hypertension (%) 213 (39.2%) 683 (39.1%) 0.980 Diabetes mellitus (%) 32 (5.9%) 142 (8.1%) 0.084 Dyslipidaemia (%) 66 (12.1%) 131 (7.5%) 0.001 Family history of stroke (%) 44 (8.1%) 117 (6.7%) 0.268 Current smoker (%) 164 (30.1%) 810 (46.4%) 0.000 Drink (%) 34 (6.3%) 167 (9.6%) 0.017 Education—junior high school (%) 110 (20.2%) 336 (19.2%) 0.611 Sex (male, %) 162 (29.8%) 854 (48.9%) 0.000 BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
- Table 4
Comparison of demographic characteristics in participants with or without carotid plaque(s)
Carotid plaque(s) No N=1177 Yes N=1114 p Value Age (year) 62.8±6.5 66.5±7.8 0.000 BMI (kg/m2) 24.1±3.4 23.6±3.4 0.000 SBP (mmHg) 137.7±19.6 141.3±21.0 0.000 DBP (mmHg) 83.3±11.0 83.4±11.3 0.877 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.3±1.1 4.4±1.1 0.012 Triglycerides (mmol/L) 1.6±1.1 1.4±1.0 0.004 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.2±0.4 1.2±0.4 0.176 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.4±0.8 2.6±0.9 0.000 Uric acid(µmol/L) 243.5±70.7 258.6±75.8 0.000 Homocysteine (µmol/L) 23.2±17.2 26.2±18.7 0.000 FBG (mmol/L) 5.3±1.4 5.4±1.5 0.183 Hypertension (%) 449 (38.1%) 447 (40.1%) 0.177 Diabetes mellitus (%) 71 (6.0%) 103 (9.2%) 0.002 Dyslipidaemia (%) 116 (9.9%) 81 (7.3%) 0.016 Family history of stroke (%) 93 (7.9%) 68 (6.1%) 0.055 Current smoker (%) 417 (35.4%) 557 (50.0%) 0.000 Drink (%) 91 (7.7%) 110 (9.9%) 0.041 Education—junior high school (%) 249 (21.2%) 197 (17.7%) 0.020 Sex (male, %) 427 (36.3%) 589 (52.9%) 0.000 BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
- Table 5
Baseline characteristics and laboratory profiles by quartile of Hcy level
First quartile N=573 Second quartile N=578 Third quartile N=566 Fourth quartile N=574 p Value Age (year) 62.9±6.6 64.2±7.2 65.3±7.3 65.9±7.9 0.000 BMI (kg/m2) 23.7±3.6 23.8±3.2 23.9±3.5 24.0±3.3 0.477 SBP (mm Hg) 138.4±20.4 138.8±20.9 140.2±20.5 140.5±19.6 0.219 Triglycerides (mmol/L) 1.4±1.1 1.5±1.0 1.6±1.2 1.5±1.0 0.004 HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.1±0.4 1.2±0.4 1.2±0.4 1.2±0.4 0.000 LDL-C (mmol/L) 2.3±0.9 2.6±0.9 2.6±0.9 2.6±0.8 0.000 Uric acid (µmol/L) 211.5±72.5 253.4±66.5 265.4±66.8 273.2±72.5 0.000 FBG (mmol/L) 5.4±1.5 5.4±1.8 5.4±1.3 5.3±1.3 0.186 Current smoker (%) 196 (34.2%) 221 (38.2%) 245 (43.3%) 312 (54.4) 0.000 Drink (%) 39 (6.8%) 52 (9.0%) 52 (9.2%) 57 (9.9%) 0.273 Dyslipidaemia (%) 53 (9.3%) 41 (7.1%) 50 (8.8%) 53 (9.2%) 0.511 Education—junior high school (%) 116 (20.2%) 114 (19.7%) 98 (17.3%) 118 (20.6%) 0.502 Sex (male, %) 177 (30.9%) 220 (38.1%) 261 (46.1) 358 (62.4) 0.000 Atherosclerosis (%) 403 (70.3%) 442 (76.5%) 442 (78.1%) 460 (80.1%) 0.001 Plaque(s) (%) 233 (40.7%) 265 (45.8%) 299 (52.8%) 317 (55.2%) 0.000 Continuous variables are shown as mean±SD. Quantitative variables between groups were compared by t-test, approximate t-test or variance analysis, whereas classification of variable rate was compared by χ2 test.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; Hcy, homocysteine; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
- Table 6
ORs (95% CIs) for the presence of carotid atherosclerosis by quartile of Hcy level
OR (95% CI) Hcy quartile Crude Model 2 Model 3 First quartile 1.00 1.00 1.00 Second quartile 1.371 (1.054 to 1.783) 1.296 (0.992 to 1.692) 1.253 (0.957 to 1.640) p=0.019 p=0.057 p=0.101 Third quartile 1.504 (1.150 to 1.966) 1.334 (1.014 to 1.755) 1.219 (0.922 to 1.612) p=0.003 p=0.040 p=0.164 Fourth quartile 1.702 (1.296 to 2.235) 1.465 (1.107 to 1.938) 1.156 (0.859 to 1.555) p=0.000 p=0.007 p=0.339 Reference group: first quartile. Model 2: adjusted for age, model 3: adjusted for age and gender.
Hcy, homocysteine.
- Table 7
ORs (95% CIs) for the presence of carotid plaque(s) by quartile of Hcy level
OR (95% CI) Hcy quartile Crude Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 First quartile 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Second quartile 1.235 (0.978 to 1.560) 1.162 (0.915 to 1.475) 1.117 (0.877 to 1.422) – p=0.076 p=0.218 p=0.369 – Third quartile 1.634 (1.292 to 2.066) 1.454 (1.142 to 1.852) 1.335 (1.044 to 1.709) 1.246 (0.967 to 1.606) p=0.000 p=0.002 p=0.022 p=0.089 Fourth quartile 1.800 (1.424 to 2.275) 1.580 (1.241 to 2.011) 1.324 (1.040 to 1.730) 1.259 (0.963 to 1.646) p=0.000 p=0.000 p=0.023 p=0.093 Reference group: first quartile. Model 4: adjusted for age, model 5: adjusted for age and gender, model 6: adjusted for age, gender, current smoker, FBG, LDL and SBP.
FBG, fasting blood glucose; Hcy, homocysteine; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
