Comparison of cognitive function among different groups of CHIPS score
| Variables | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | P value |
| CHIPS≤4 (n=213) | 5≤CHIPS≤15 (n=113) | CHIPS≥16 (n=138) | ||
| Sex (M/%） | 101/47.4 | 51/45.1 | 78/56.5 | 0.318 |
| Age | 64.1±4.8 | 65.8±4.5 | 64.7±5.1 | 0.615 |
| CHIPS score | 0.7±0.8 | 9.9±3.4* | 34.7±19.2*† | <0.0001 |
| Total WMH volume | 527.4±1738.6 | 1327.5±2871.5* | 4005.1±4121.2*† | <0.0001 |
| WMH volume in cholinergic pathway | 93.3±336.1 | 178.5±509.2* | 751.8±1005.6*† | <0.0001 |
| MMSE | 26.1±3.7 | 25.3±3.9* | 24.2±4.1*† | 0.019 |
| MoCA | 21.8±5.7 | 19.8±5.2 | 18.9±4.9*† | 0.015 |
| Executive function (TMT) | 0.10 (−0.51 to 0.70) | −0.02 (−0.80 to 0.65) | −0.09 (−0.85 to 0.52)*† | 0.029 |
| Short-term memory (AVLT) | 0.22 (−0.64 to 1.03) | −0.03 (−0.79 to 0.86) | −0.08 (−0.76 to 0.50) | 0.539 |
| Long-term memory (AVLT) | −0.11 (−0.51 to 0.69) | 0.06 (−0.68 to 0.81) | −0.23 (−0.65 to 0.61) | 0.616 |
| Attention (SDMT) | −0.09 (−0.56 to 0.47) | −0.15 (−0.74 to 0.34)* | −0.17 (−0.94 to 0.05)*† | 0.016 |
| Language (VFT) | 0.70 (−0.81 to 0.45) | −0.01 (−0.72 to 0.44) | 0.01 (−0.81 to 0.69) | 0.332 |
Definition of abbreviations: One-way analysis of variance was used in analyses for the parameters among three groups and an independent sample t-test was used in analysis between two groups. P<0.05 is bolded.
Score of TMT, AVLT, SDMT and VFT were present as standard z-score (median, quartile).
*P value<0.05 versus Group I.
†P value<0.05 versus Group II.
AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CHIPS, Cholinergic Pathways Hyperintensities Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modality Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; WMH, white matter hyperintensities.