Main outcomes according to prior anticoagulation therapy among patients with non-traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage
| Outcome | VKAs | DOACs | No OACs | P Value* |
| Stroke severity on admission | ||||
| NIHSS, median (IQR) | 8.0 (3.0–17.0) (n=999) | 7.0 (3.0–15.0) (n=844) | 7.0 (2.0–15.0) (n=6150) | <0.001 |
| β (95% CI)††† (n=7993) | 0.30 (−0.41 to 1.00) | 0.06 (−0.72 to 0.83) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Decreased LOC‡, no./total no. (%) | 594/1476 (40.2) | 441/1139 (37.0) | 2851/8486 (33.6) | <0.001 |
| aOR (95% CI)§‡‡ (n=11 155) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Functional outcome at 3 months | ||||
| mRS 0–2, no./total no. (%) | 209/938 (22.3) | 184/716 (25.7) | 2037/5249 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| aOR (95% CI)¶‡‡ (n=6903)** | 0.64 (0.49 to 0.84) | 0.64 (0.47 to 0.87) | 1 (Reference) | |
| mRS, median (IQR) | 6 (3–6) | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | <0.001 |
| aOR (95% CI)¶§§ (n=6903)** | 1.67 (1.31 to 2.12) | 1.49 (1.18 to 1.88) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Mortality at 3 months | ||||
| Mortality, no./total no. (%) | 720/1457 (49.4) | 460/1158 (39.7) | 2512/8324 (30.2) | <0.001 |
| aOR (95% CI)¶‡‡ (n=10 939) | 1.71 (1.41 to 2.08) | 1.28 (1.02 to 1.60) | 1 (Reference) | |
*Univariate comparison between no OACs, VKAs and DOACs.
†Multivariable mixed-effects analysis using MI adjusted for demographic characteristics (age, sex, country), risk factors (diabetes, atrial fibrillation), concomitant medications (antiplatelet agents, antihypertensives and lipid-lowering drugs), medical history (history of prior ischaemic stroke, ICH and coronary heart disease/prior myocardial infarction), pre-stroke disability (pre-mRS), clinical presentation on admission (LOC), treating hospital level (stroke centre or stroke unit) and local management (treatment at high-dependency unit).
‡Decreased LOC defined as LOC drowsy or comatose.
§IPW using MI adjusted for demographic characteristics (age, sex, country), risk factors (diabetes, atrial fibrillation), concomitant medications (antiplatelet agents, antihypertensives and lipid-lowering drugs), medical history (history of prior ischaemic stroke, ICH and coronary heart disease/prior myocardial infarction), pre-stroke disability (pre-mRS), clinical presentation on admission (NIHSS), treating hospital level (stroke centre or stroke unit) and local management (treatment at high-dependency unit).
¶IPW using MI adjusted for demographic characteristics (age, sex, country), risk factors (diabetes, atrial fibrillation), concomitant medications (antiplatelet agents, antihypertensives and lipid-lowering drugs), medical history (history of prior ischaemic stroke, ICH and coronary heart disease/prior myocardial infarction), pre-stroke disability (pre-mRS), clinical presentation on admission (NIHSS, LOC), treating hospital level (stroke centre or stroke unit) and local management (treatment at high-dependency unit).
**Analysis limited to sites with ≥70% availability of mRS at 3 months.
††Quantile regression.
‡‡Binary logistic regression.
§§Ordinal logistic regression.
aOR, adjusted OR; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; ICH, intracerebral haemorrhage; IPW, inverse probability weighting; LOC, level of consciousness; MI, multiple imputation; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; OACs, oral anticoagulants; VKAs, Vitamin K antagonists.