Major clinical trials of cell-based therapies for stroke: summary of therapeutic time windows and outcomes
| Cell type | Route | Stroke type and phase | Therapeutic time window (time post stroke) | Major outcome |
| Autologous BM-MNC | IV/IA | Acute ischaemic stroke | 1–9 days | Safe |
| IV/IA | Subacute ischaemic stroke | 1–4 weeks | Safe, improvement of neurological function | |
| IC | Haemorrhagic stroke | 5–7 days | Safe, improvement of neurological function | |
| Autologous BM-MSC | IV | Subacute ischaemic stroke | 1–2 months | Safe |
| Allogeneic BM-MSC | IV/IC | Chronic ischaemic stroke | 6 months to 25 years | Safe, improvement of neurological function |
| Autologous BM-MNC/BM-MSC | IC/ICV | Haemorrhagic stroke | 3–28 days | Safe, short-term improvement of neurological function |
| Allogeneic NSC (CTX0E03) | IC | Chronic ischaemic stroke | 2–60 months | Safe, improvement of neurological function |
| Allogeneic multipotent adult progenitor cell | IV | Acute ischaemic stroke | 1–2 days | Safe |
| Autologous BMSC and EPC | IV | Acute ischaemic stroke | 1 month | Safe |
The phase of strokes in table 2 is based on the actual staging descriptions of recruited patients who had a stroke in various clinical trials. Please refer to online supplemental table for details.
BM-MNC, bone marrow mononuclear cell; BM-MSC, BM mesenchymal stem cell; BMSC, BM stem cell; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; IA, intraarterial; IC, intracerebral; ICV, intracerebroventricular; IV, intravenous; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NSC, neural stem cell.