The pathophysiological mechanism of CPSP caused by ischaemic stroke in rodents
| Experimental animals | Model | Behavioural testing | Mechanism and lesion site | Experimental design | Reference |
| DDY mice | Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion | Paw-withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) (frequency right pain (FRP), 3 days, n=6) | Orexin-A/orexin 1 receptor signaling injuries lateral hypothalamus to locus coeruleus and rostral ventromedial medulla | B | 26 |
| PWMT (FRP, 3 days, n=6) | N(G),N(G)-Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1↑- nitric oxide synthetase (NOS)↑ | B | 65 | ||
| PWMT (FRP, 3 days, n=6) | The association of spinal glial cells with HMGB1/RAGE/NOS or HMGB1/TLR4/NOS | B | 64 | ||
| PWMT (FRP, 3 days, n=4) | Decreased pain thresholds: ischaemic neuronal damage | Not clarified | 69 | ||
| PWMT (FRP, 3 days, n=6) | A decrease in hypothalamic orexin A | B | 83 | ||
| SD rats | Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion | Body asymmetry test (neurological deficits (ND), 3–28 days, n=9), Modified Bederson’s score (ND, 3–14 days, n=9), PWL/PWT (no changes) | Cortex | B, randomisation | 84 |
| Endothelin-1 | PWL (contralateral pain, 28 days), PWT (no changes), cylinder test (no changes), adhesive removal test (no changes), open field test (no changes), ANY-MAZE test (no changes) | Ventral posterolateral nucleus and ventral posteromedial nucleus | B, randomisation | 30 | |
| Wistar rats | Left common carotid artery occlusion | Neurological assessment (ND, 1–23 days), current perception threshold (right nociception: 5/250/2000 Hz, 3–15 days; left nociception: 5 Hz, 6–7 days/13–15 days, 250/2000 Hz, 3–15 days) | Hypersensitisation caused by functional changes in nociceptive primary afferent A fibres↑ | B | 51 |
| C57BL/6J | Photochemically induced thrombosis | Electrical stimulation-induced paw withdrawal (250/2000 Hz bilateral nociception, 4–19 days), PWL (bilateral pain, 3–17 days), PMT (up and down bilateral pain, 4–18 days) | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 and lysophosphatidic acid receptor three signalling; cortex and striatum | B | 29 |
B, Blind; CPSP, central poststroke pain; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1; ND, neurological deficits; PWL, paw-withdrawal latency; PWT, paw-withdrawal threshold; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.