Table 1

Patient demographics, clinical characteristics and treatments

Stroke type	Sex	Aged (years)	Lesion site	Type of pain	Treatment	Clinical trials	Reference
Ischaemic (I)	1 male	60	Dorsal thalamic region: pulvinar, sensory nuclei	Pronounced allodynia and burning paresthesia, sharp	Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) in the epidural brain	Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)	50
I	1 female	32	Right posteroinferior, thalamus (T), occipital cortex, parahippocampal	Acute onset of pain and paresthesia	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)	Repetitive TMS	70
Haemorrhagic (H)	1 female	57	T	Continuous, tingling and cold sensational	–	Diffusion tensor tractography	71
H, I	8 males 8 females	48–73	T, pons, insula in I, external capsule, lenticulocapsular	Burning, pricking, squeezing, aching, hypoesthesia, allodynia	Repetitive TMS	MCS	12
H, I	17 males 15 females	57.7±8.2	Cortex, T, basal ganglia, brainstem	Light touching painful, cold or thermal painful, slight pressure painful	–	Pain Detect Questionnaire, the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs, douleur neuropathique questionnaire-4 (DN-4)	21
H, I	12 males 2 females	58.5±8.9	T, pons, lateral medulla, posterior limb of the internal capsule, putamen	Persistent numbness and pain	–	TMS, contact heat evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, quantitative sensory testing	20
H, I	16 male 21 female	58.9±12.1		–	30 mg duloxetine (once a day)	Use duloxetine	72
H, I	39 patients	59.4±11.9	Cortical, subcortical, brain stem/cerebellum,	Tactile, mechanical and cold hypoesthesia	–	Short-form McGill pain questionnaire, brief pain inventory, DN-4, neuropathic pain symptoms inventory	7
H, I, H/I	4 males 4 females	37–62	T, basal ganglia, frontal lobe, internal capsule, occipital lobe	–	Peripheral nerve block	Block peripheral nerve	19
H, I, H/I	6 males 4 females	41–60	T, middle cerebral artery territory, medulla, brainstem, temporal stem, parietal white matter, basal ganglia	–	Bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting ventral striatum/anterior limb of the internal capsule	DBS	18
H, I, H/I	109 male 54 female	63.4±7.9	T, putamen, pons, medulla	Moderate sensory disturbance, allodynia and hyperpathia	Spinal cord stimulation	VAS, Patient global impression of changes	17
H/I	82 patients	≥18	Unilateral brain lesion	–	Flexible-dose placebo (1–2 tablets a day) or (1–2 tablets of 30 mg/day)	Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Disability Index	73
–	17 patients			–	DBS or MCS	DBS, MCS	74
	5 males 4 females	57–76	Unilateral thalamic, putaminal, spinal cord	Compressing, lancinating, stinging, burning sensations or twitching	Electrical stimulation the ventral posterolateral nucleus	Stereotactic thalamic ventral posterolateral nucleus stimulation	75
–	4 patients			–	DBS of internal capsule	VAS	76
–	42 males, 40 females	>50			Use acetaminophen, heat and ice packs	Pain assessment survey	77
–	5 patients			–	DBS targeting ventral striatum/anterior limb of the internal	Functional MRI	78
–	1 female	45		Constant burning pain	Transcranial direct current stimulation	VAS, DN-4, Beck Depression Inventory	79
–	23 patients			Contralesionally extensive ongoing pain at the lower extremity	Explicit sensory discrimination retraining	VAS	11
	1 male	68	Left hemisphere	Slowly progressive, intense	Directional DBS targeting the thalamic left ventrocaudal nucleus	DBS	80
–	5 patients	41–67		Intermittent tingling, burning and lancinating sensations.	Stellate ganglion block	Numerical Rating Scale	81
	22 patients	ver 19	M1; C3, C4-Anode, over the contralateral supraorbital region-cathode	–	Transcranial direct current stimulation for 20 min, 5 times weekly, for 2 weeks	Brief pain inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, the patient’s quality of life, Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimensions	82

DBS, Deep brain stimulation; DN-4, Douleur neuropathique questionnaire-4; H, Hemorrhagic; I, Ischemic; MCS, Motor cortex stimulation; T, thalamus; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; VAS, Visual analogue scale.